Clinical challenges with excipients in insulin formulations and role of concentrated insulin

Most of the insulin formulations in clinical use contain phenol, meta-cresol or both as excipients. These excipients in insulin preparations provide stability and have antimicrobial properties. However, they are reported to be associated with undesirable side-effects especially localised allergic reactions. Amount of excipients injected per unit dose of insulin is a major determining factor in causation of these reactions. This review discusses the excipients in different insulin formulations available in India with potential of precipitating undesirable effects and the use of concentrated insulins to reduce these complications. To avoid the detrimental effects associated with excipients, removal of preservatives or use of insulin preparations devoid of excipients can be an option. Besides these approaches, one approach that can be considered is the use of concentrated insulin to reduce the volume of insulin dose and thereby the excipients. Concentrated insulins address the high insulin requirements of the growing population of patients with type 2 diabetes who require higher insulin doses. Concentrated insulins help in reduction of dose volume as well as amount of excipients injected per unit dose of insulin. U200 (concentrated r-DNA Human Insulin Premix 30/70-200 IU/ml) can be advantageous with better absorption from smaller quantity injected, lesser variability in absorption, lesser pain and discomfort due to smaller quantity, lesser chances of hypoglycaemia all of which can lead to better patient compliance. Thus, concentrated insulin U200 can be one of the alternatives to prevent/reduce clinical complications with excipients in insulins

Design and development of a 20 kW cleaning and cooling system for a wood-chip gasifier

The present study was undertaken with the objectives to develop a filter system for a 20 kW engine application and to test the filter. It was observed that tar content in the gas ranged from 12.4 to 85 mg/m3 , which was considered on the higher side, in some cases, compared from an accepted limit of 50 mg/m3 . The 20 kW cleaning and cooling system for cleaning of producer gas was developed by calculating the gas flow and maximum retention time in the filter. The diameter of these three filters, viz., water scrubber, wet filter and dry filter was calculated from retention time and velocity in the filter, which was found to be 0.20, 0.40 and 0.50 m respectively, with filter height of 0.80 m. The developed filter was evaluated for reduction of tar in the producer gas after cleaning. The tar content in the producer gas after filtration by using the system varies from 24 to 53.52 mg/m3 . The tar absorption using this filter system was 99.35%, while the pressure drop varied between 10 to 25 mm of the water column. The system was also operated by coupling with a small capacity IC engine. The diesel replacement was found to be in the range of 65.66 %

Design and development of a 20 kW cleaning and cooling system for a wood-chip gasifier

The present study was undertaken with the objectives to develop a filter system for a 20 kW engine application and to test the filter. It was observed that tar content in the gas ranged from 12.4 to 85 mg/m3 , which was considered on the higher side, in some cases, compared from an accepted limit of 50 mg/m3 . The 20 kW cleaning and cooling system for cleaning of producer gas was developed by calculating the gas flow and maximum retention time in the filter. The diameter of these three filters, viz., water scrubber, wet filter and dry filter was calculated from retention time and velocity in the filter, which was found to be 0.20, 0.40 and 0.50 m respectively, with filter height of 0.80 m. The developed filter was evaluated for reduction of tar in the producer gas after cleaning. The tar content in the producer gas after filtration by using the system varies from 24 to 53.52 mg/m3 . The tar absorption using this filter system was 99.35%, while the pressure drop varied between 10 to 25 mm of the water column. The system was also operated by coupling with a small capacity IC engine. The diesel replacement was found to be in the range of 65.66 %

Ethno-veterinary medicinal uses of garlic (Allium sativum) by livestock rearers

426-435Garlic (Allium sativum) is used as an important ingredient in the traditional veterinary ethno-medicine since long time among the farmers. The knowledge of the use of garlic individually or additively with other ingredients is scattered in different regions as well as literature. The study was undertaken during 2018-19 to screen the ITKs available in the different sources in which the use of garlic is predominant in ethno-veterinary practices and validate these ITKs with the experts. The validation of ITK was done with 30 experts having the experience in veterinary and ITK practices for their relevance in scientific scenario. The responses of experts for validation were taken on 3-point validity continuum. Out of 46 formulations of garlic with other herbal additives, 56.52% were claimed to have the score above 120 out of 150, showing their wider applicability and validity in ethno-veterinary practice. Ethno-veterinary use of garlic was found for curing cough, cold, fever, urinary problems like oliguria & anuria, bloat, foot and mouth disease, pleuropneumonia, otalgia, dog bite, snake bite, trembling, respiratory system disorder like pleuritis and pneumonia, yoke gall, bone fracture, flatulence, wounds and gangrene. Due to allicin and other sulfur compounds, garlic has antibiotic, antibacterial and antimycotic properties. Ready availability of garlic in every household can be a cost effective first aid or emergency prescription to the livestock rearers who have no immediate access to modern veterinary facilities

Ethno-veterinary medicinal uses of garlic (allium sativum) by livestock rearer

Garlic (Allium Sativum) is used as an important ingredient in the traditional veterinary ethno-medicine since long time among the folk communities. The knowledge of the use of garlic individually or additively with other ingredients is scattered in different regions as well as literatures. The study was undertaken to screen the ITKs available in the different sources in which the use of Garlic is predominant in ethno-veterinary practices and validate these ITKs with the experts. The validation of ITK was done with 30 experts for their relevance in scientific scenario. The responses of experts for validation were taken on 3-point validity continuum. Out of 47 formulations of garlic with other herbal additives, 57.44 per cent were claimed to have the score above 120 out of 150, shows their wider applicability and validity in ethnoveterinary practice. Ethno-veterinary use of Garlic was found for curing cough, cold, fever, urinary problems like oliguria & anuria, bloat, foot and mouth disease, pleuropneumonia, otalgia, dog bite, snake bite, trembling, respiratory system disorder like pleuritis and pneumonia, yoke gall, bone fracture, flatulence, wounds and gangrene. Due to allicin and other sulfur compounds, garlic has antibiotic, antibacterial and antimycotic properties. As garlic is readily available in every household can be a cost effective first aid or emergency prescription to the livestock rearer who have no immediate access to modern veterinary facilities

Validation of ethno-veterinary medicinal practices of onion (Allium cepa L.)

775-783Onion (Allium cepa) is an important medicinal herb apart from its culinary uses. It has wide array of uses in ethnoveterinary medicine since long time. The study was conducted to review, document and validate the ethno-veterinary practices in which onion is a dominant constituent. The validation of the ethno-veterinary practices was done with 30 experts from the relevant scientific field. The responses of experts for validation were taken on a three-point validity continuum. Among the 58 combinations of ingredients, 27.58% scored above 120 and 55.17% were scored ranging 100 to 120 out of 150, showing their wider applicability and validity in ethno-veterinary practices. The results showed that onions have a wide array of uses in ethno-veterinary practices, ranging from treating gastro-intestinal problems like tympany, indigestion and bloat to proven insecticidal anti-parasitic, repellant and antiseptic actions with different dosage and formulations. Onion is effective on various diseases due to unique combination of different compounds including fructans, flavonoids and organosulfur compounds. Validated practices of onion in ethno-veterinary medicine may be useful particularly among poor or remote livestock rearers who can neither afford nor may access expensive or distant conventional healthcare options

STUDY OF THERMAL PROFILE OF TRADITIONAL AND IMPROVED CHULHAS

A total of three traditional single pot and one DNES approved Udai model of single pot chulhas were selected from western part of Udaipur district of Rajasthan State for the study of thermal profile. Observations of the temperatures at different locations in the chulha body i.e. in the centre of fire box 10 cm above floor, in the rear corner of the pot hole seat, in the centre of the pot hole and 10 cm above the centre top, revealed that, the performance index of Udai chulha is the best amongst all. The results indicated that the Udai chulha with its optimised dimensions was found to be appropriate for rural requirements

OPTIMIZATION OF COST FOR FARMERS OF COTTON BASED FARMING SYSTEM BY LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL

This paper illustrate the use of minimum cost linear programming technique for optimizing resources for the Vidarbha farmers. It compares the optimum farm planning developed by minimum cost strategies of management on small medium and large categories of farms and discusses the interrelationship between crop allocations made by the LP model and the existing farmer’s practice. Keywords: Linear programming, Profit maximization, Cost minimization, Agricultural crop