Эвакуация населения при чрезвычайных ситуациях

В результате аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС (1986 г.) радиационное загрязнение затронуло все страны Северного полушария. На опасно загрязненных территориях оказалось более 1 млн. чел. В ряду поколений число смертельных онкологических заболеваний может составить десятки тысяч человек.As a result of the Chernobyl accident (1986), all countries of the Northern Hemisphere were affected by radiation pollution. In dangerously contaminated areas was more than 1 million people. In a number of generations, the number of deadly cancer can amount to tens of thousands of people

Noise uncertainty effect on multi-channel cognitive radio networks

Achieving high throughput is the most important goal of cognitive radio networks. The main process in cognitive radio is spectrum sensing that targets getting vacant channels. There are many sensing methods like matched filter, feature detection, interference temperature and energy detection which is employed in the proposed system; however, energy detection suffers from noise uncertainty. In this paper a study of throughput under noise fluctuation effect is introduced. The work in this paper proposes multi-channel system; the overall multi-channel throughput is studied under noise fluctuation effect. In addition, the proficiency of the network has been examined under different number of channels and sensing time with noise uncertainty

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF DISPERSED PERMETHRIN PRONIOSOMES IN POWDER AND MICROEMULSION-BASED HYDROGEL BASES FOR THE TREATMENT OF SCABIES

Objective: This study is aimed to encapsulation of permethrin in proniosomes and formulation and evaluation of dispersed permethrin in powder and micro emulsion-based hydrogel bases.Methods: Permethrin proniosomes were prepared by modified slurry method using Brij 97, cholesterol, aerosil 200 and drug in different weight ratios, and using two different solvents. The prepared proniosomes were characterized for particle size, shape, flow characteristics, entrapment efficiency.Results: The studies demonstrated successful preparation of permethrin proniosomes. The effect of using different weight ratios of Drug: Brij 97: Cholesterol and different solvents on entrapment efficiency were studied. The best proniosomes showed entrapment efficiency percent of 55.58%±1.451 for permethrin and zero residual solvents. Such formula was incorporated in a topical powder and micro emulsion-based hydrogel basis and evaluated through particle size, drug content, stability, and clinical trials for efficacy on sarcoptic mite infestation in sheep and rabbits.Conclusion: Permethrin 5 % micro emulsion-based hydrogel proved to be homogenous, stable, and clinically effective, compared with the topical powder that was unstable under accelerated stability conditions

Establishment and parasitism efficiency of Trichogramma principium (Sugonyaev et Sorokina) on Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) infesting cotton in Sudan

      This study was conducted at the Gezira Research Station (GRS) farm during 2010/11 season to verify establishment and parasitism efficiency of Trichogramma principium (Sugonyaev et Sorokina) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in eggs of Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infesting the Sudanese cotton cultivars "Barac 67B", "Hamid", "Burhan" and "Abdin". Trichogramma was acquired from the Rearing Unit, Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), at preimaginal (prepupal) stage, in eggs of the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Depending on numbers of H. armigera eggs / 100 plants, one release was done on each of Barac and Hamid and two on each of Abdin and Burhan. The release rate was 24,000 parasitoids /fed, at 7x7m distance between release points and 14-day intervals. Evaluation was done between treated plots with Trichogramma versus untreated. Observations consisted of the percentage of emerged parasitoids, percentage of parasitism and the numbers of the African bollworm larvae /100 plants. At the first release, the percentage of emerged parasitoids ranged between 71% in Barac and 86.4% in Hamid; the cultivars` average ranged between 60.5% and 94.8% and the overall average was 79.2%. The percentage of parasitized H. armigera eggs ranged between 22.2% and 60%. At the second release, the percentage of emerged adults ranged between 73.2% in Burhan and 82.1% in Abdin; the cultivars average ranged between 46.6 and 96.7% and the overall average was 77.7%. The percentage of parasitized H. armigera eggs ranged between 22.2% and 77.7%. The high level of parasitoid emergence declared a good viability of the released material, tolerance of the parasitoid to the local weather conditions and acceptance of the crop. The levels of parasitism reported were quite acceptable for this introductory release and first occurrence of the parasitoid in this new cotton agroecosysytem. A positive signal of migration from treated to untreated plots was observed through parasitized H. armigera eggs detected in the latter plots. The numbers of H. armigera larvae were negligible in both treatments. Accordingly, for proving potential capacity of establishment and parasitism efficiency against H. armigera, T. principium is strongly recommended for use on Sudanese cotton cultivars.   المقدرة على الاستيطان والكفاءة التطفلية ل  Trichogramma principium (Sugonyaev et Sorokina)  ضد Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.)   على القطن في السودان      أجريت هذه الدراسة بمزرعة محطة بحوث الجزيرة في موسم 2010-2011 للتثبت من المقدرة على  الاستيطان و الكفاءة التطفلية ل  Trichogramma principium (Sugonyaev et Sorokina) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) على بيض دودة اللوز الأفريقية Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) على أصناف الأقطان السودانية "باراك B 67"، "حامد"، "برهان"، و"عابدين". تم الحصول على طفيل التريخوجراما من وحدة الإكثار بهيئة البحوث الزراعية في طور ماقبل التشرنق بداخل بيض فراشة الأرز  Corcyra cephalonica (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) . اعتمادا على عدد بيض دودة اللوز / 100 نبات، فلقد أجريت إطلاقه واحدة على كل من الصنفين باراك و حامد و اطلاقتان على كل من الصنفين عابدين و برهان بمعدل 24000 طفيل للفدان و على مسافات 7x7م بين نقاط الإطلاق و بفاصل 14 يوما بين الإطلاقات. تمت المقارنة بين الحقل المعامل بالتريخوجراما و الغير معامل. اشتمل التقييم على تحديد النسبة المئوية لبزوغ الأطوار المكتملة من الطفيل، النسبة المئوية للتطفل و عدد اليرقات في ال 100 نبات. عند الإطلاقة الأولى،  تراوحت النسبة المئوية لبزوغ الأطوار المكتملة بين 71% كما في باراك و 86.4% كما في حامد، و المتوسط  للأصناف بين 60.5% و 94.8% و المتوسط العام لهم 79.2 % و تراوحت النسبة المئوية للتطفل بين 60% و 22.2%. عند الإطلاقة الثانية،  تراوحت النسبة المئوية لبزوغ الأطوار المكتملة بين 73.2%% كما في برهان و 82.1% كما في عابدين، و المتوسط للأصناف بين 46.6%  و 96.7% و المتوسط العام لهم 77.7% ، و تراوحت النسبة المئوية للتطفل بين 77.7% و 22.2%. يدل هذا المستوى العالي من بزوغ الأطوار المكتملة على الحيوية الجيدة للطفيل المطلق، تحمله للظروف الجويه وتقبله للمحصول العائل.  تعتبر المستويات المتحصل عليها من التطفل مناسبة لهذا الإطلاق الإستهلالى و تواجد الطفيل لأول مرة على  هذا الوسط البيئي الزراعي الجديد للقطن بالسودان. هنالك مؤشرات لبداية هجرة الطفيل من المساحات المعامله لغير المعاملة تمثل في تواجد بيض متطفل علية في الأخيرة. كان عدد يرقات ديدان اللوز قليلا في المعاملتين. و عليه، و لقابليته على الاستيطان و كفاءته التطفلية المقبولة على ديدان اللوز الأفريقية فان ال T. Principium موصى باستعماله بشدة على أصناف الأقطان السودانية.      &nbsp

Properties of Graphene: A Theoretical Perspective

In this review, we provide an in-depth description of the physics of monolayer and bilayer graphene from a theorist's perspective. We discuss the physical properties of graphene in an external magnetic field, reflecting the chiral nature of the quasiparticles near the Dirac point with a Landau level at zero energy. We address the unique integer quantum Hall effects, the role of electron correlations, and the recent observation of the fractional quantum Hall effect in the monolayer graphene. The quantum Hall effect in bilayer graphene is fundamentally different from that of a monolayer, reflecting the unique band structure of this system. The theory of transport in the absence of an external magnetic field is discussed in detail, along with the role of disorder studied in various theoretical models. We highlight the differences and similarities between monolayer and bilayer graphene, and focus on thermodynamic properties such as the compressibility, the plasmon spectra, the weak localization correction, quantum Hall effect, and optical properties. Confinement of electrons in graphene is nontrivial due to Klein tunneling. We review various theoretical and experimental studies of quantum confined structures made from graphene. The band structure of graphene nanoribbons and the role of the sublattice symmetry, edge geometry and the size of the nanoribbon on the electronic and magnetic properties are very active areas of research, and a detailed review of these topics is presented. Also, the effects of substrate interactions, adsorbed atoms, lattice defects and doping on the band structure of finite-sized graphene systems are discussed. We also include a brief description of graphane -- gapped material obtained from graphene by attaching hydrogen atoms to each carbon atom in the lattice.Comment: 189 pages. submitted in Advances in Physic

Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology: Patterns, Processes and Planning

Effective planning for biodiversity in cities and towns is increasingly important as urban areas and their human populations grow, both to achieve conservation goals and because ecological communities support services on which humans depend. Landscape ecology provides important frameworks for understanding and conserving urban biodiversity both within cities and considering whole cities in their regional context, and has played an important role in the development of a substantial and expanding body of knowledge about urban landscapes and communities. Characteristics of the whole city including size, overall amount of green space, age and regional context are important considerations for understanding and planning for biotic assemblages at the scale of entire cities, but have received relatively little research attention. Studies of biodiversity within cities are more abundant and show that longstanding principles regarding how patch size, configuration and composition influence biodiversity apply to urban areas as they do in other habitats. However, the fine spatial scales at which urban areas are fragmented and the altered temporal dynamics compared to non-urban areas indicate a need to apply hierarchical multi-scalar landscape ecology models to urban environments. Transferring results from landscape-scale urban biodiversity research into planning remains challenging, not least because of the requirements for urban green space to provide multiple functions. An increasing array of tools is available to meet this challenge and increasingly requires ecologists to work with planners to address biodiversity challenges. Biodiversity conservation and enhancement is just one strand in urban planning, but is increasingly important in a rapidly urbanising world

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography versus conservative treatment for patients with symptomatic small common bile duct stones: A randomized controlled trial

Background: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the recommended treatment for common bile duct stones (CBDS). However, CBDS, tiny ones, can spontaneously pass through the ampulla of Vater, reducing unnecessary ERCP and its related significant complications. Objectives: This study compared endoscopic stone extraction versus conservative treatment for managing symptomatic small CBDS. Patients and methods: This randomized controlled trial included 168 patients with symptomatic CBDS (≤ 7 mm) and gallbladder stones. Of these, 85 patients underwent endoscopic stone extraction, and 83 patients underwent conservative treatment for the CBDS, followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy and intraoperative cholangiography between June 2019 and March 2023. The primary outcome was the overall success rate, while useless procedures, morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, total cost, and recurrent biliary symptoms were considered secondary outcomes. Results: Our study showed that the ERCP group had a significantly higher overall success rate (96.5% vs. 22.9%, P < 0.001), fewer useless procedures (14.1% vs. 77.1%, P < 0.001), a shorter median hospital stay (5 vs. 8 days, P < 0.001), and reduced total costs (1810 vs. 2250 US$, P < 0.001). Both groups had no significant difference in morbidity or recurrent biliary symptoms (2.4% vs. 7.2%, P = 0.14). There was no mortality rate in both groups. Conclusion: Symptomatic small CBDS should be managed surgically as early as possible. Endoscopic stone extraction has a significantly high success rate, a shorter hospital stay, and a lower total cost. The conservative treatment for symptomatic small CBDS is useless and should not be practiced