Toward a climate downscaling for the Eastern Mediterranean at high-resolution

International audienceAs a first step toward downscaling global model simulations of future climates for the eastern Mediterranean Sea and surrounding land area, mesoscale-model simulations with the Pennsylvania State University ? National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) mesoscale model, version 5 (MM5) are verified in the context of precipitation amount. The simulations are driven with January NCAR-NCEP reanalysis project (NNRP) lateral-boundary conditions and assimilate surface and upper air observations. The results of the simulations compare reasonably well with rain gauge and satellite estimates of monthly total precipitation, and the model reproduces the overall trends in inter-annual precipitation variability for one test region. Cyclones during the period were tracked, and their properties identified

Inclusion of Building-Resolving Capabilities Into the FastEddy® GPU-LES Model Using an Immersed Body Force Method

As a first step toward achieving full physics urban weather simulation capabilities within the resident-GPU large-eddy simulation (LES) FastEddy® model, we have implemented and verified/validated a method for explicit representation of building effects. Herein, we extend the immersed body force method (IBFM) from Chan and Leach (2007, https://doi.org/10.1175/2006JAMC1321.1) to (i) be scale independent and (ii) control building surface temperatures. Through a specific drag-like term in the momentum equations, the IBFM is able to enforce essentially zero velocities within the buildings, in turn resulting in a no-slip boundary condition at the building walls. In addition, we propose similar forcing terms in the energy and mass conservation equations that allow an accurate prescription of the building temperature. The extended IBFM is computationally efficient and has the potential to be coupled to building energy models. The IBFM exhibits excellent agreement with laboratory experiments of an array of staggered cubes at a grid spacing of (Formula presented.) mm, demonstrating the applicability of the method beyond the atmospheric scale. In addition, the IBFM is validated at atmospheric scale through simulations of downtown Oklahoma City ((Formula presented.) m) using data collected during the Joint Urban 2003 (JU03) field campaign. Our LES IBFM results for mean wind speed, turbulence kinetic energy, and SF6 transport and dispersion compare well to observations and produce turbulence spectra that are in good agreement with sonic anemometer data. Statistical performance metrics for the JU03 simulations are within the range of other LES models in the literature.</p

Inclusion of Building-Resolving Capabilities Into the FastEddy® GPU-LES Model Using an Immersed Body Force Method

As a first step toward achieving full physics urban weather simulation capabilities within the resident-GPU large-eddy simulation (LES) FastEddy® model, we have implemented and verified/validated a method for explicit representation of building effects. Herein, we extend the immersed body force method (IBFM) from Chan and Leach (2007, https://doi.org/10.1175/2006JAMC1321.1) to (i) be scale independent and (ii) control building surface temperatures. Through a specific drag-like term in the momentum equations, the IBFM is able to enforce essentially zero velocities within the buildings, in turn resulting in a no-slip boundary condition at the building walls. In addition, we propose similar forcing terms in the energy and mass conservation equations that allow an accurate prescription of the building temperature. The extended IBFM is computationally efficient and has the potential to be coupled to building energy models. The IBFM exhibits excellent agreement with laboratory experiments of an array of staggered cubes at a grid spacing of (Formula presented.) mm, demonstrating the applicability of the method beyond the atmospheric scale. In addition, the IBFM is validated at atmospheric scale through simulations of downtown Oklahoma City ((Formula presented.) m) using data collected during the Joint Urban 2003 (JU03) field campaign. Our LES IBFM results for mean wind speed, turbulence kinetic energy, and SF6 transport and dispersion compare well to observations and produce turbulence spectra that are in good agreement with sonic anemometer data. Statistical performance metrics for the JU03 simulations are within the range of other LES models in the literature.Urban Data Scienc

Mapping Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility to the HLA-DR Locus in African Americans

An underlying complex genetic susceptibility exists in multiple sclerosis (MS), and an association with the HLA-DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602 haplotype has been repeatedly demonstrated in high-risk (northern European) populations. It is unknown whether the effect is explained by the HLA-DRB1 or the HLA-DQB1 gene within the susceptibility haplotype, which are in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD). African populations are characterized by greater haplotypic diversity and distinct patterns of LD compared with northern Europeans. To better localize the HLA gene responsible for MS susceptibility, case-control and family-based association studies were performed for DRB1 and DQB1 loci in a large and well-characterized African American data set. A selective association with HLA-DRB1*15 was revealed, indicating a primary role for the DRB1 locus in MS independent of DQB1*0602. This finding is unlikely to be solely explained by admixture, since a substantial proportion of the susceptibility chromosomes from African American patients with MS displayed haplotypes consistent with an African origin