To the issue of the need to expand the categories of protective forests when creating forest districts on the lands of settlements

Статья посвящена созданию лесов на землях населенных пунктов и способам решения вопроса развития жилых и рекреационных территорий городов промышленного региона при включении в границы городов земель из состава земель лесного фонда. В статье обосновывается необходимость расширения категорий защитных лесов при создании лесничеств на землях населенных пунктов в контексте развития городских территорий. Предлагается способ решения вопросов, связанных с организацией лесных территорий на примере муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург», территорий лесопаркового зеленого пояса вокруг Екатеринбурга и необходимостью урегулирования вопроса с организацией лесов на особо охраняемых природных территориях в границах земель населенных пунктов. Вопросы изменения границ городских лесов, которые в настоящий момент недостаточно урегулированы и находятся в зоне конкурирующего действия норм градостроительного, земельного и лесного законодательства, должны быть устранены через организационно-правовое регулирование государства, закреплены в лесоустроительной инструкции и в перечне объектов капитального строительства. Как для развития территорий жилой и промышленной застройки, так и для создания лесов, как части зеленого каркаса города, необходимого в связи с превышенной нагрузкой на экологический сектор города из-за плотности застройки, близости дорог, развития промышленных предприятий, решение задачи может быть достигнуто с помощью комплекса специальных организационно-правовых мер. Рассматривается необходимость смены подхода к организации и изменению городских лесничеств. Для создания лесничеств, проектируемых на землях населенного пункта, предлагаются защитные леса различных категорий.The article is devoted to the creation of forests on the lands of settlements and ways to solve the issue of developing residential and recreational areas of cities in an industrial region when including lands from the forest fund into the boundaries of cities. The article substantiates the need to expand the categories of protective forests when creating forests districts on the lands of populated areas in the context of the development of urban areas. A method for solving issues related to the organization of forest areas is proposed using the example of the municipality of Yekaterinburg, the territories of the forest park green belt around the city of Yekaterinburg and the need to resolve the issue of organizing forests located in specially protected natural areas within the boundaries of forests located on the lands of settlements. The issues of changing the boundaries of urban forests, which are currently insuffi ciently regulated and are in the zone of competing action of the norms of urban planning, land and forestry legislation, should be eliminated through the organizational and legal regulation of the state, enshrined in the forest management instructions and in the list of capital construction projects. Both for the development of residential and industrial development areas and for the creation of forests as part of the green framework of the city, necessary in connection with the excess load on the ecological sector of the city due to the density of development, proximity of roads, development of industrial enterprises, the solution to the problem can be achieved with the help of a set of special organizational and legal measures. The need to change the approach to the organization and change of urban forest districts is considered. For the creation of forest districts, designed on the lands of a settlement, protective forests of various categories are offered

Stimulating immunoglobulin response by intramuscular delivery of exopolysaccharides-adjuvanted mannheimiosis vaccine in goats

Background and Aim: Pneumonic mannheimiosis (PM) is a common respiratory bacterial disease among small ruminants. Despite numerous management methods, vaccination remains a suitable strategy to combat or reduce PM in goats and sheep. Thus, a study was conducted in Malaysia to evaluate the immunogenicity of exopolysaccharide-adjuvanted Mannheimia haemolytica A2 vaccine (EPS-MHA2) under laboratory and field conditions for its potential use as an efficient vaccine against PM. Materials and Methods: This study induced immunoglobulin (Ig) responses following intramuscular (IM) delivery of the EPS-MHA2 vaccine on 12 goats for about 7 months. Goats were divided into three groups, with three goats per group, and they were vaccinated intramuscularly as follows: Group 1 was vaccinated with an adjuvanted vaccine prepared from formalin-killed M. haemolytica serotypes A2 and EPS excipient; Group 2 was vaccinated with formalin-killed M. haemolytica seed only, whereas Group 3 was injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as the negative control. Measures of specific immunity included serum IgM, IgG, and IgA as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid secretory IgA and the size and number of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Results: From the 1st day of vaccination, Groups 1 and 2 showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum IgM, IgG, and IgA levels. However, the antibodies started to decline 5-week post-vaccination, indicating that the booster dose was necessary. On the second exposure to the same vaccine (booster), the level of antibodies showed a significant increase (p < 0.05), particularly IgG. All groups were challenged intratracheally by virulent MHA2 2 weeks after the decline of second antibodies on the administration of booster. All goats were euthanatized and necropsied 4-week post-challenge. The number and size of the BALT in Group 1 goats significantly increased compared with those in Group 2 and the unvaccinated control. Bacteriological parameters were evaluated, in which MHA2 was reisolated successfully from lung samples in Group 3. The IgA level produced by the group vaccinated with EPS-MHA2 was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that the MHA2 vaccine and PBS groups. All data obtained were analyzed statistically using a one-way analysis of variance. The results indicate that IM injection of EPS-MHA2 vaccine significantly enhanced the immune response against MHA2. Conclusion: Therefore, the addition of EPS to MHA2 (EPS-MHA2 vaccine) can effectively protect goats from lethal mannheimiosis infection. Factors such as the ideal concentration of EPS should be further studied to verify its application potential as a vaccine adjuvant, and the extraction of EPS from different microalgae species should be further investigated. This study showed a novel and exciting set of data and a vaccination system, in which the suppressive effects of mannheimiosis may be further investigated

Efficacy of papain-based wound cleanser in promoting wound regeneration

A new invention, papain-based wound cleanser is formulated by incorporating papain, a proteolytic enzyme extracted from Carica papaya into the formulation. This cleanser is invented to simplify the methods in wound management by combining wound cleansing and wound debridement using a single formulation. This study describes the preparation and preclinical study of papain-based wound cleanser in accelerating wound healing. In this study, papain-based wound cleanser was used to treat wound incision on Sprague-Dawley rats while distilled water and Betadine® were used as negative and positive control. Twenty-seven clinically healthy white rats were randomly divided into three groups and treated accordingly until the 21st day post-incision. Wound reduction rates and histological analysis were obtained to asses the healing pattern. Rats treated with papain-based wound cleanser showed a progressive wound healing based on the wound reduction rates and histological analysis when compared with rats treated with distilled water and Betadine®. Better collagen deposition and presence of skin organelles in rats treated with papain-based wound cleanser demonstrated its efficacy in promoting wound healing. In addition to its wound healing effect, papain-based wound cleanser is also integrated with antibacterial properties which make it a complete package for wound management. However, further studies should be carried out to ensure its safety for human usage

Stimulating immunoglobulin response by intramuscular delivery of exopolysaccharides-adjuvanted mannheimiosis vaccine in goats

Background and Aim: Pneumonic mannheimiosis (PM) is a common respiratory bacterial disease among small ruminants. Despite numerous management methods, vaccination remains a suitable strategy to combat or reduce PM in goats and sheep. Thus, a study was conducted in Malaysia to evaluate the immunogenicity of exopolysaccharide-adjuvanted Mannheimia haemolytica A2 vaccine (EPS-MHA2) under laboratory and field conditions for its potential use as an efficient vaccine against PM. Materials and Methods: This study induced immunoglobulin (Ig) responses following intramuscular (IM) delivery of the EPS-MHA2 vaccine on 12 goats for about 7 months. Goats were divided into three groups, with three goats per group, and they were vaccinated intramuscularly as follows: Group 1 was vaccinated with an adjuvanted vaccine prepared from formalin-killed M. haemolytica serotypes A2 and EPS excipient; Group 2 was vaccinated with formalin-killed M. haemolytica seed only, whereas Group 3 was injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as the negative control. Measures of specific immunity included serum IgM, IgG, and IgA as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid secretory IgA and the size and number of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Results: From the 1st day of vaccination, Groups 1 and 2 showed a significant (p &lt; 0.05) increase in serum IgM, IgG, and IgA levels. However, the antibodies started to decline 5-week post-vaccination, indicating that the booster dose was necessary. On the second exposure to the same vaccine (booster), the level of antibodies showed a significant increase (p &lt; 0.05), particularly IgG. All groups were challenged intratracheally by virulent MHA2 2 weeks after the decline of second antibodies on the administration of booster. All goats were euthanatized and necropsied 4-week post-challenge. The number and size of the BALT in Group 1 goats significantly increased compared with those in Group 2 and the unvaccinated control. Bacteriological parameters were evaluated, in which MHA2 was reisolated successfully from lung samples in Group 3. The IgA level produced by the group vaccinated with EPS-MHA2 was significantly (p &lt; 0.001) higher than that the MHA2 vaccine and PBS groups. All data obtained were analyzed statistically using a one-way analysis of variance. The results indicate that IM injection of EPS-MHA2 vaccine significantly enhanced the immune response against MHA2. Conclusion: Therefore, the addition of EPS to MHA2 (EPS-MHA2 vaccine) can effectively protect goats from lethal mannheimiosis infection. Factors such as the ideal concentration of EPS should be further studied to verify its application potential as a vaccine adjuvant, and the extraction of EPS from different microalgae species should be further investigated. This study showed a novel and exciting set of data and a vaccination system, in which the suppressive effects of mannheimiosis may be further investigated.</jats:p