Green and efficient synthesis of 2-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-2,3-dihydropthalazine-1,4-dione

412-4172-Hydrazinoquinazolin-3H-4-ones 1a,b were reacts with each of the anhydrides, phthalic anhydride 2a, succinic anhydride 2b and maleic anhydride 2c independently in PEG-600 at RT to yield 2-(2-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)hydrazine-ecarbonyl)benzoic acid 3a,b, 4-oxo-4-(2-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)hydrazinyl)butanoic acid 3c,d and 4-oxo-4-(2-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)hydrazinyl)but-2-enoic acid 3e,f, respectively. 3a,b,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> 3c,d, 3e,f have been transformed into 2-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione 4a,b, 1-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)piperazine-3,6-dione 4c,d and 1-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)-1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione 4e,f, respectively by heating each in PEG-600 at 100 °C for 3-3.5 hr in high yields and in high purity, involving a dehydrative ring closure. The final compounds <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">4a-f have also been prepared alternatively by reacting 1 with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">2 in PEG-600 at 100 °C for 3.5-4 hr

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field