Optimasi Kualitas Citra Radiografi Abdomen Berdasarkan Body Mass Index dan Tegangan Tabung pada Computed Radiography

Background: Computed Radiography is a modality of radiographic processing that has wide-exposure latitude. So that in radiographic examination with CR modality is less concerned with the accuracy of the exposure factor especially in the use of tube voltage that can affect the image quality. Image quality determines the accuracy of diagnosis of an illness. Abdominal examination is often done in the radiological installation of Hospital, with different patient conditions especially in Body Mass Index the use of tube voltages tends to vary so as to affect the quality of radiograph and received dose PatientsMethods: This type of research is analytical observational research with cross sectional research draft. Samples in research amounted to 108 distributed in each group of Body mass Index (underweight, normal, overweight) respectively 36 samples. Each body mass index group sample is taken from the use of tube voltages that are often used in RS 75 kV, 80kV, 85 kV and 90 kV respectively as much as 9. Assessments include the value of the exposure index, Noise and anatomical information. Statistical data analysis with Spearman test and univariat.Result: There is a significant connection between the use of cylinder voltage with an index exposure, noise and anatomical imageryConclusion : Optimised tube voltage for Body Mass index Under 75 kV, normal BMI 80 kV and BMI over 85 k

Hubungan Keadaan Gizi Dengan Beberapa Aspek Intellegensia

Hubungan keadaan gizi dengan beberapa aspek intelligensi. (The relation of nutritional status on some aspects of intelligence). Presented at the Second National Pediatric Congress. Bandung, 1971. Data obtained in this empirical study agree very well with the theoretical assumption that nutritional status influences the functions of intelligence. The lower the degree of nutritional status, the greater it affects the functions of intelligence. The study showed clearly that undernutrition influences verbal abilities and abstraction. Undernutrition influences also attention and concentration which in turn decrease the mental effectiveness of the subjects; and performance tasks, but which ability is influenced was not clearly shown. It might be due to the environment which was not stimulating for the development of this ability. The effects of undernutrition on perception were also not clearly shown in this study. This study indicated that in the study of nutritional status one should not neglect the influence of the environment. In order that intelligence be able to function at an optimum, any improve­ment of nutritional status should be accompanied by improve­ment in socio-economic, psychological and educational conditions

Tinjauan Literatur Pengolahan Air Limbah Dengan Biomassa Granular Aerobik Pada Mode Operasi Kontinu

Perubahan paradigma pengolahan air limbah yang menjadikan limbah sebagai sumberdaya membawa konsekuensi pada strategi pengolahan limbah yang harus dilakukan. Salah satu strategi adalah dengan menggunakan teknologi pengolahan air limbah menggunakan biomassa granular aerobik (Granular Aerobic Sludge, GAS) yang mempunyai kelebihan dalam beberapa hal dibandingkan dengan pengolahan air limbah dengan lumpur aktif konvensional. Penelitian yang dilakukan sebagaian besar menggunakan reaktor dalam mode operasi sequencing batch dan masih sedikit yang menggunakan mode operasi kontinu. Makalah ini mengkaji penggunaan reaktor kontinu dengan menggunakan GAS. Kajian dilakukan dengan penelusuran literatur. Hasil penelusuran literatur meunjukkan, mode operasi kontinu sudah dicoba sejak awal tahun 2000. Strategi untuk pembentukan GAS pada rektor kontinu yang dilakukan adalah dengan menambahkan inti presipitat dan memodifikasi reaktor konvensional. Apabila dibandingkan dengan penggunaan reaktor dengan mode operasi sequencing batch, maka mode operasi kontinu ini belum banyak dikembangkan, dan cenderung menghasilkan GAS dengan kualitas yang lebih rendah. Dengan demikian ruang untuk pengembangan reaktor untuk GAS pada mode operasi kontinu masih cukup luas

A Case Study of Excreta Disposal Following the 2006 Java Earthquake*

Providing safe excreta disposal following disasters is important for disease prevention and the safety and dignity of the affected population. This is challenging because every emergency varies due to the nature of the disaster, local conditions and the characteristics of the affected population. This paper investigates the impact of the 2006 Java earthquake on excreta disposal needs and the response to those needs. Relevant documents were retrieved from the ReliefWeb database, complemented by a literature search. The case study highlights gaps in rapidly providing latrines on a large scale. Three months after the disaster, only 57% of the latrines targeted had been provided. One way to address this problem is to better understand the factors affecting excreta disposal needs and response, allowing appropriate solutions to be identified more effectively

Norma Perkembangan Motor Milestone Anak Sehat Dan Bergizi Baik Dalam Rangka Pengembangan Suatu Rujukan

Norm of Motor Milestone Achievements In Healthy and Well Nourished Children Leading To The Development A Reference.Background: The prevalence of malnutrition is still high in Indonesia, and one of its functional consequences is level of the intelectual capacity of children. Motor development is an essential of cognitive performance, and it is generally believed related with nutritional status of children, however very few studies had been carried out in the field condition.Objectlves: To describe the ceiling of motor milestone achievements of healthy and well nourished children aged 3-18 months in the development of norms for Indonesian children.Methods: The study was conducted in 4 big cities: Surabaya, Malang, Bandung and Bogor in 2100 healthy and well nourished children aged 3-18 months came from high SES (socio-economic status) families who had no constraints on achieving normal growth and development. There were 17 milestones observed by well trainned enumerators following standard procedure. Analysis of percentiles 5, 10, 50, 90, and 95 for age against motor achievement were carried out for all children.Results: The difference in the attainment of the ceiling of motor milestones between males and females were not significant at any points of observation, therefore sex combined norm curve of motor development for children aged 3-18 months was ilustrated.Conclusions: The norm of motor milestone development for Indonesian children aged 3-18 months has been developed. Before being used as a reference, it needs to be evaluated or it is reliability and feasibility

The Role of Serum Expression Levels of Microrna-21 on Bone Mineral Density in Hypostrogenic Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Study on Level of RANKL, OPG, TGFβ-1, Sclerostin, RANKL/OPG Ratio, and Physical Activity

Background: MiR-21 is known to play a role in osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, but the role of serum miR-21 expression in osteoporosis remains unclear. Previous research found that serum miR-21 expression was positively correlated with bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients, but other factors involved in postmenopausal osteoporosis still unknown. This study aimed to determine the role of serum miR-21 expression, concentration of RANKL, OPG, TGF-β1, sclerostin and serum calcium, RANKL/OPG ratio, and physical activity on bone mineral density of spine in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (PMOP) compared with no osteoporosis (PMNOP), with point of interest on the expression of serum miR-21. Methods: this study was conducted by comparative cross-sectional design. The subjects were divided into 2 groups of PMOP and PMNOP. We used an absolute quantification real-time PCR method to determine serum miR-21 expressions level. Results: Median of serum miR-21 expression at the PMOP group was significantly higher compared to PMNOP group (p = 0.001). Serum miR-21 expression, RANKL, RANKL/OPG ratio, and physical activity were significantly correlated with BMD values in the PMOP group. Moderate physical activity was significantly negatively correlated with serum miR-21 expression. We also obtained a linear regression equation BMD = 1.373-0.085*Ln.miR-21-0.176*Log10.RANKL (R2 = 52.5%). Conclusion: serum miR-21 expression in PMOP was higher compared with PMNOP. Serum miR-21 expression proved to have a negative effect on spinal BMD values in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis of 8.5%. Obtained equation of BMD = 1.373-0.085*Ln.miR-21-0.176*Log10.RANKL can explain the value of spinal BMD by 52.5%

Nutritional and socio-economic determinants of cognitive function and educational achievement of Aboriginal schoolchildren in rural Malaysia

A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among Aboriginal schoolchildren aged 7–12 years living in remote areas in Pos Betau, Pahang, Malaysia to investigate the potential determinants influencing the cognitive function and educational achievement of these children. Cognitive function was measured by intelligence quotient (IQ), while examination scores of selected school subjects were used in assessing educational achievement. Blood samples were collected to assess serum Fe status. All children were screened for soil-transmitted helminthes. Demographic and socio-economic data were collected using pre-tested questionnaires. Almost two-thirds (67·6 %) of the subjects had poor IQ and most of them (72·6 %) had insufficient educational achievement. Output of the stepwise multiple regression model showed that poor IQ was significantly associated with low household income which contributed the most to the regression variance (r2 0·059; P = 0·020). Low maternal education was also identified as a significant predictor of low IQ scores (r2 0·042; P = 0·043). With educational achievement, Fe-deficiency anaemia (IDA) was the only variable to show significant association (r2 0·025; P = 0·015). In conclusion, the cognitive function and educational achievement of Aboriginal schoolchildren are poor and influenced by household income, maternal education and IDA. Thus, effective and integrated measures to improve the nutritional and socio-economic status of rural children would have a pronounced positive effect on their education