Economic growth in India during 1950-2015:Nehruvian socialism to market capitalism

Comparisons of pre and postreform economic growth in India are widely researched in the literature. This paper adds to this literature, but with a sectoral growth accounting perspective. We compare the proximate sources of economic growth in India during the 1950-1980 periods, the so-called Nehruvian socialist regime, with that of the post-1980 period, which includes the pro-business reforms in the 1980s and more aggressive pro-market reforms in the 1990s. We document two important features of India's growth dynamics. First, the overriding importance of the services sector in India's growth is not new, but it has always been the case in independent India. However, there has been a major shift in the composition of service sector growth. While the socialist regime fostered more nonmarket services, including the government sector, the market services sector flourished in the market regime, in terms of labour productivity, TFP and economic growth. Second, the economic growth in the socialist period was substantially driven by capital accumulation, except in the nonmarket services, whereas the market regime sees a combination of both productivity and capital accumulation

Falling behind and catching up : India’s transition from a colonial economy

India fell behind during colonial rule. The absolute and relative decline of Indian GDP per capita with respect to Britain began before colonization and coincided with the rising textile trade with Europe in the 18th century. The decline of traditional industries was not the main driver Indian decline and stagnation. Inadequate investment in agriculture and consequent decline in yield per acre stalled economic growth. Modern industries emerged and grew relatively fast. The falling behind was reversed after independence. Policies of industrialization and a green revolution in agriculture increased productivity growth in agriculture and industry, but Indian growth has been led by services. A strong focus on higher education under colonial policy had created an advantage for the service sector, which today has a high concentration of human capital. However, the slow expansion in primary education was a disadvantage in comparison with the high growth East Asian economies

Analysis of Ground Motion Intensity Measures and Selection Techniques for Estimating Building Response

The structural response of buildings to earthquake shaking is of critical importance for seismic design purposes. Research on the relationship between earthquake ground motion intensity, building response, and seismic risk is ongoing, but not yet fully conclusive. Often, probability demand models rely on one ground motion intensity measure (IM) to predict the engineering demand parameter (EDP). The engineering community has suggested several IMs to account for different ground motion characteristics, but there is no single optimal IM. For this study, we compile a comprehensive list of IMs and their characteristics to assist engineers in making an informed decision. We discuss the ground motion selection process used for dynamic analysis of structural systems. For illustration, we compute building responses of 2D frames with different natural period subjected to more than 3500 recorded earthquake ground motions. Using our analysis, we examine the effects of different structural characteristics and seismological parameters on EDP-IM relationships by applying multi-regression models and statistical inter-model comparisons. As such, our results support and augment previous studies and suggest further improvements on the relationship between EDP and IM in terms of efficiency and sufficiency. Finally, we provide guidance on future approaches to the selection of both optimal intensity measures and ground motions using newer techniques

Analysis of Ground Motion Intensity Measures and Selection Techniques for Estimating Building Response

The structural response of buildings to earthquake shaking is of critical importance for seismic design purposes. Research on the relationship between earthquake ground motion intensity, building response, and seismic risk is ongoing, but not yet fully conclusive. Often, probability demand models rely on one ground motion intensity measure (IM) to predict the engineering demand parameter (EDP). The engineering community has suggested several IMs to account for different ground motion characteristics, but there is no single optimal IM. For this study, we compile a comprehensive list of IMs and their characteristics to assist engineers in making an informed decision. We discuss the ground motion selection process used for dynamic analysis of structural systems. For illustration, we compute building responses of 2D frames with different natural period subjected to more than 3500 recorded earthquake ground motions. Using our analysis, we examine the effects of different structural characteristics and seismological parameters on EDP-IM relationships by applying multi-regression models and statistical inter-model comparisons. As such, our results support and augment previous studies and suggest further improvements on the relationship between EDP and IM in terms of efficiency and sufficiency. Finally, we provide guidance on future approaches to the selection of both optimal intensity measures and ground motions using newer techniques

Acquired fontan paradox in isolated right ventricular cardiomyopathy

A 44-year-old woman presented with features of congestive heart failure. Echocardiography revealed severe right ventricular dysfunction along with passive minimally pulsatile pulmonary blood flow suggesting very high systemic venous pressures. This was confirmed with cardiac catheterization in which the pressures of superior vena cava and inferior vena cava (19 mmHg) were higher than the pulmonary artery pressures (17 mmHg). Elevation of systemic venous pressures above the pulmonary venous pressures, Fontan paradox, to drive the forward flow, is a specific feature of artificially created cavopulmonary shunts. Late stage of isolated right ventricular cardiomyopathy resulted in the spontaneous evolution of Fontan circulation with a nonfunctional right ventricle in this patient

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