Purple corn (zea mays l.) pericarp hydroalcoholic extracts obtained by conventional processes at atmospheric pressure and by processes at high pressure

Extracts of Peruvian purple corn pericarp (Zea mays L.) were obtained: (1) via supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 as solvent and EtOH-H2O (70:30, v/v) as co-solvent, (2) via pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with EtOH-H2O (70:30, v/v) and, (3) via two conventional extraction processes, stirred vessel and Soxhlet. The extraction yields and extract compositions were compared to each other. The parameters measured were the point-to-point extraction yield, the global extraction yield and composition of extracts regarding contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins and specific anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside. Antioxidant activity by DPPH and in vitro antiproliferative activity were also evaluated considering seven cancer cell lines. High yields and higher contents of phenolic compounds, accompanied by a high antioxidant activity at 50 °C, were obtained for supercritical extraction at 60 °C. Antioxidant activity showed good correlation with the content of phenolic compounds, but there was no antiproliferative activity37237248COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informação12/51317-

Docosahexaenoic Acid Ethyl Esther (dhaee) Microcapsule Production By Spray-drying: Optimization By Experimental Design [obtenção De Microcápsulas Do éster Etílico Do ácido Docosa-hexaenoico (dhaee) Por Atomização: Otimização Através De Planejamento Experimental]

Docosahexaenoic acid is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid with important metabolic activities. Its conjugated double bonds make it susceptible to decomposition. Its stability may be improved through fatty acid entrapment with a spray-drying technique; however, the many parameters involved in this technique must be considered to avoid affecting the final product quality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the entrapment conditions and yields of fish oil enriched with docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester. Microcapsules were obtained from Acacia gum using a spray-drying technique. The experimental samples were analyzed by chromatography and delineated by Statistica software, which found the following optimum entrapment conditions: an inlet temperature of 188 °C; 30% core material; an N 2 flow rate of 55 mm; and a pump flow rate of 12.5 mL/minute. These conditions provided a 66% yield of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester in the oil, corresponding to 19.8% of entrapped docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (w/w). This result was considered significant since 30% corresponded to wall material.313589596Ahn, J.H., Optimization of microencapsulation of seed oil by response surface methodology (2008) Food Chemistry, 107, pp. 98-105. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.067Bertolini, A.C., Siani, A.C., Grosso, C.R.F., Stability of monoterpenes of encapsulated in gum arabic by spray drying (2001) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49 (2), pp. 780-785. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000436y, PMid:11262028Botelho, M.L.R., (1999) Propriedades Físico- Químicas Do Exsudato De Anacardium Occidentale L Para Indústria De Alimentos, , 113 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Quimica)-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1999Buffo, R.A., Reineccius, G.A., Oehlert, G.W., Factors affecting the emulsifying and rheological properties of gum acacia in beverages emulsions (2001) Food Hydrocolloids, 15, pp. 53-66. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(00)00050-3Cappi, A., de Jesus, S.S., Maciel, F., Secagem de α-amilase em spray dryer (2001) CONGRESSO INTERNO DE INICIAÇÃO CIENTIFICA DA UNICAMP, 9, p. 2001. , Campinas. Anais... Campinas: UnicampChang, Y.I., Scire, J., Jacobs, B., Effect of particle size and microstructure properties on encapsulated orange oil (1988) Flavor Encapsulation. Washington: American Chemical Society, pp. 87-102. , RISCH, S. J.REINECCIUS,G. A, cap. 10. (ACS Symposium Series 370Chattopadhyaya, S., Singhal, R.S., Kulkarn, P.R., Oxidized starch as gum Arabic substitute for encapsulation of flavours (1998) Carbohydrate Polymers, 37, p. 144. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00054-Xde Paula, R.C.M., Rodrigues, J.F., Composition and rheological properties of cashew tree gum, the exudates polysaccharide from Anacardium occidentale L (1995) Carbohydrate Polymers, 26, pp. 177-181. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00006-Sde Jesus, S.S., (2002) Desenvolvimento E Analise Do Processo De Secagem De [alfa]-amilase Por Microondas a Vácuo, , 161 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Quimica)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2002Dziezak, J.D., A focus on gums. Building in texture, stability, and emulsification are just some of ways in which gums aid product development: Special Report (1991) Food Technology, 45 (3), pp. 116-132Filková, I., Mujumdar, A.S., (1995) Industrial Spray Drying Systems In Handbook of Industrial Drying, p. 742. , New York: Marcel Dekker IncGoubet, I., Quere, J.L., Voilley, A.J., Retention of aroma compounds by carbohydrates: Influence of their physicochemical characteristics and of their physical state. A review (1998) Journal Agricultural of Food Chemistry, 46, pp. 1981-1990. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf970709yInhamuns, A.J., Franco, M.R.B., EPA and DHA quantification in two species of freshwater fish from Central Amazonia (2008) Food Chemistry, 107, pp. 587-591. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.032Krabbendam, L., Relationship between DHA status at birth and child problem behaviour at 7 years of age. Prostaglandins (2007) Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 76, pp. 29-34. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2006.09.004, PMid:17074476Lamprecht, A., Schäfer, U., Lehr, C.M., Influences of process parameters on preparation of microparticle used as a carrier system for Ω-3 unsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters used in supplementary nutrition (2001) Journal of Microencapsulation, 18, pp. 347-357. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652040010000433, PMid:11308225Leite, J.T.C., (2001) Obtenção De Extrato De Inulina De Chicória (Cichorium Intybus) Por Abaixamento De Temperatura E Secagem Por Spray Dryer, , 120 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2001Martin, C.A., Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-3 e ômega-6: Importância e ocorrência em alimentos (2006) Revista De Nutrição, 19 (6), pp. 761-770Narayan, B., Miyashita, K., Hosakawa, M., Physiological effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - A review (2006) Food Reviews International, 22 (3), pp. 291-307. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559120600694622Nori, M.A., Ingredientes e aditivos microencapsulados na indústria de alimentos (1996) Engenharia De Alimentos, 1 (6), pp. 33-34Pauletti, M.S., Amestoy, P., Butter microencapsulation as affected by composition of wall material and fat (1999) Journal of Food Science, 64, pp. 279-282. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15882.xRé, M.I., Microencapsulation by spray drying (1998) Drying Technology, 16 (6), pp. 1195-1236. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939808917460Ré, M.I., Microencapsulação: Em busca de produtos' inteligentes (2000) Ciência Hoje, 27 (162), pp. 24-29Robbers, J.E., Speedie, M.K., Tyler, V.E., (1997) Farmacognosia E Farmacobiotecnologia, p. 372. , Tradução de Benedetti, I. C. Supervisão Científica de Bastos, J. K. e outros. 1 a ed., Editorial Premier. São PauloRodrigues, R.A.F., (2004) Preparo, Caracterização E Avaliação Functional De Microcápsulas Obtidas Por Spray Drying, Contendo Extrato De Café Crioconcentrado, , 239 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia de Alimentos)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2004Seaton, T., The Omega 3 Explosion (2006) Nutraceuticals World MagazineShahidi, F., Wanasundara, U.N., Omega 3-fatty acids: Nutritional aspects and production technologies (1998) Trends Food Science Technology, 9, pp. 230-240. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(98)00044-2, PMid:21299575Shahidi, F., Han, X., Encapsulation of food ingredients (1993) Boca Raton, 33 (6), pp. 501-547. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408399309527645, Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition PMid:8216812Simopoulos, A.P., Omega-3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds (2002) Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11 (6), pp. 163-173. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s.6.5.xUauy, R., Valenzuela, A., Marine oils: The health benefits of n-3 fatty acids (2000) Nutrition, 6 (7-8), pp. 680-684. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00326-9Wareing, M.V., (1997) Exudate Gums, pp. 87-118. , IMESON, A. Thickening and gelling agents for food. 2th ed. London: Blackie Academic & Professional, Chapman & HallWendel, S., Çelik, M., Uma visão geral sobre o uso da tecnologia de Spray-Drying (1998) Pharmaceutical Technology, pp. 31-45Zakaria, M.B., Rahman, Z.A., Rheological properties of cashew gum (1996) Carbohydrate Polymers, 29 (1), pp. 25-27. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00132-

Composição química e atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de folhas e flores de Aloysia gratissima

Volatile oils from leaves and flowers of Aloysia gratissima were investigated for their chemical composition and antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Bacilus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae and the Candida albicans yeast. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the oils were determined by the micro-dilution method, while the chemical composition was determined by GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry). The fresh leaves and inflorescence were subjected to hydrodistillation for 120 min using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and the essential oil was tested against microorganisms. High concentrations of sesquiterpenes were observed for the inflorescence, and monoterpenes were observed for the leaves. The main compounds of the inflorescence essential oil were E-caryophyllene, germacrene B, guaiol and bulnesol, while in the leaves the main compounds were trans-pinocamphone, trans-pinocarveyl acetate, and guaiol. The essential oil from the leaves showed an effect against P. aeruginosa and S. pneumonia, and the essential oil of the inflorescence showed an effect against P. aeruginosa, S. pneumonia, and Candida albicans.O óleo essencial de folhas e de flores de Aloysia gratissima foi avaliado quanto à composição química e ação antimicrobiana contra as bactérias Bacilus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, e a levedura Candida albicans. A concentração mínima inibitória (MIC) dos óleos essenciais foi determinada pelo método da microdiluição e a composição química determinada por CG-EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrômetro de Massas). Folhas e inflorescências frescas foram hidrodestiladas por 120 minutos em aparelho Clevenger sendo o óleo essencial testado contra microorganismos. Para as flores foi observada maior concentração de sesquiterpenos, enquanto que as folhas apresentaram maior concentração de monoterpenos. Os principais constituintes do óleo essencial da flor foram: E-cariofileno, germacreno B, guaiol e bulnesol; e das folhas foram: trans-pinocamfona, acetato de trans-pinocarveol e guaiol. O óleo essencial da folha mostrou atividade contra P. aeruginosa e S. pneumoniae, e o óleo essencial da flor mostrou atividade contra P. aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae e Candida albicans.583588Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Chemical constituents of the volatile oil from leaves of Annona coriacea and in vitro antiprotozoal activity

The essential oil of the leaves from Annona coriacea Mart., Annonaceae, was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. The oil yield was 0.05% m/m. Sixty compounds were identified, in a complex mixture of sesquiterpenes (76.7%), monoterpenes (20.0%) and other constituents (3.3%). Bicyclogermacrene was its major compound (39.8%) followed by other sesquiterpenes. Most of the monoterpenes were in low concentration (<1%). Only &#946;-pinene and pseudolimonene presented the highest level of 1.6%. The volatile oil presented anti-leishmanial and trypanocidal activity against promastigotes of four species of Leishmania and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, showing to be more active against Leishmania (L.) chagasi (IC50 39.93 µ g/mL) (95% CI 28.00-56.95 µ g/mL)

Chemical constituents of the volatile oil from leaves of Annona coriacea and in vitro antiprotozoal activity

The essential oil of the leaves from Annona coriacea Mart., Annonaceae, was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. The oil yield was 0.05% m/m. Sixty compounds were identified, in a complex mixture of sesquiterpenes (76.7%), monoterpenes (20.0%) and other constituents (3.3%). Bicyclogermacrene was its major compound (39.8%) followed by other sesquiterpenes. Most of the monoterpenes were in low concentration (<1%). Only &#946;-pinene and pseudolimonene presented the highest level of 1.6%. The volatile oil presented anti-leishmanial and trypanocidal activity against promastigotes of four species of Leishmania and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, showing to be more active against Leishmania (L.) chagasi (IC50 39.93 µ g/mL) (95% CI 28.00-56.95 µ g/mL).21

Chemical constituents of the volatile oil from leaves of annona coriacea and in vitro antiprotozoal activity

The essential oil of the leaves from Annona coriacea Mart., Annonaceae, was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. The oil yield was 0.05% m/m. Sixty compounds were identified, in a complex mixture of sesquiterpenes (76.7%), monoterpenes (20.0%) and other constituents (3.3%). Bicyclogermacrene was its major compound (39.8%) followed by other sesquiterpenes. Most of the monoterpenes were in low concentration (<1%). Only β-pinene and pseudolimonene presented the highest level of 1.6%. The volatile oil presented anti-leishmanial and trypanocidal activity against promastigotes of four species of Leishmania and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, showing to be more active against Leishmania (L.) chagasi (IC50 39.93 µ g/mL) (95% CI 28.00-56.95 µ g/mL)2113340COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informaçãoSem informaçã

Action of Coriandrum sativum L. Essential Oil upon Oral Candida albicans Biofilm Formation

The efficacy of extracts and essential oils from Allium tuberosum, Coriandrum sativum, Cymbopogon martini, Cymbopogon winterianus, and Santolina chamaecyparissus was evaluated against Candida spp. isolates from the oral cavity of patients with periodontal disease. The most active oil was fractionated and tested against C. albicans biofilm formation. The oils were obtained by water-distillation and the extracts were prepared with macerated dried plant material. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration—MIC was determined by the microdilution method. Chemical characterization of oil constituents was performed using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). C. sativum activity oil upon cell and biofilm morphology was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The best activities against planktonic Candida spp. were observed for the essential oil and the grouped F8–10 fractions from C. sativum. The crude oil also affected the biofilm formation in C. albicans causing a decrease in the biofilm growth. Chemical analysis of the F8–10 fractions detected as major active compounds, 2-hexen-1-ol, 3-hexen-1-ol and cyclodecane. Standards of these compounds tested grouped provided a stronger activity than the oil suggesting a synergistic action from the major oil constituents. The activity of C. sativum oil demonstrates its potential for a new natural antifungal formulation

Antibacterial, Anti-HIV-1 Protease and Cytotoxic Activities of Aqueous Ethanolic Extracts from Combretum Adenogonium Steud. Ex A. Rich (Combretaceae).

\ud \ud Records have shown that Combretum adenogonium Steud. Ex A. Rich (Combretaceae) is used in traditional medicine systems of several tribes in Tanzania. This study focused on the investigation of antibacterial activity, anti-HIV-1 protease activity, toxicity properties and classes of phytochemicals in extracts from C. adenogonium Steud. Ex A. Rich (Combretaceae) to evaluate potential of these extracts for development as herbal remedies. Dried plant material were ground to fine powder and extracted using 80% aqueous ethanol to afford root, leaf and stem bark extracts. The extracts were assayed for anti-HIV-1 protease activities, antibacterial activities using microdilution methods and cytotoxicity using brine shrimps lethality assay. Screening for major phytochemical classes was carried out using standard chemical tests. All extracts exhibited antibacterial activity to at least one of the test bacteria with MIC-values ranging from 0.31-5.0 mg/ml. Two extracts, namely, root and stem bark exhibited anti-HIV-1 PR activity with IC50 values of 24.7 and 26.5 μg/ml, respectively. Stem bark and leaf extracts showed mild toxicity with LC50 values of 65.768 μg/ml and 76.965 μg/ml, respectively, whereas roots were relatively non-toxic (LC50 = 110.042 μg/ml). Phytochemical screening of the extracts indicated presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins. These results provide promising baseline information for the potential development of C. adenogonium extracts in treatment of bacterial and HIV/AIDS-related opportunistic infections

Action Of Essential Oils From Brazilian Native And Exotic Medicinal Species On Oral Biofilms

Background: Essential oils (EO) obtained from twenty medicinal and aromatic plants were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the EO was evaluates by microdilution method determining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. Chemical analysis of the oils compounds was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). The most active EO were also investigated as to their actions on the biolfilm formation. Results: The most of the essential oils (EO) presented moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens (MIC - Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations values between 0.007 and 1.00mg/mL). The essential oil from Coriandrum sativum inhibited all oral species with MIC values from 0.007 to 0.250mg/mL, and MBC/MFC (Minimal Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentrations) from 0.015 to 0.500mg/mL. On the other hand the essential oil of C. articulatus inhibited 63.96% of S. sanguis biofilm formation. Through Scanning Eletronic Microscopy (SEM) images no changes were observed in cell morphology, despite a decrease in biofilm formation and changes on biofilm structure. Chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the C. sativum essential oil revealed major compounds derivatives from alcohols and aldehydes, while Cyperus articulatus and Aloysia gratissima (EOs) presented mono and sesquiterpenes. Conclusions: In conclusion, the crude oil from C. articulatus exhibited the best results of antimicrobial activity e ability to control biofilm formation. The chemical analysis showed the presence of terpenes and monoterpenes such as a-pinene, a-bulnesene and copaene. The reduction of biofilms formation was confirmed from SEM images. The results of this research shows a great potential from the plants studied as new antimicrobial sources.141Kolenbrander, P.E., Oral microbial communities: biofilms, interactions, and genetic systems (2000) Annu Rev Microbiol, 54, pp. 413-437Spratt, P.A., Pratten, J., Biofilms and the oral cavity (2003) Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol, 2, pp. 463-467Kolembrander, P.E., Multispecies communities: interspecies interactions influence growth on saliva as sole nutritional source (2011) Int J Oral Sci, 3, pp. 49-54Marsh, P.D., Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community life-style (2005) J Clin Periodontol, 32, pp. 7-15Bernimoulin, J.P., Recent concepts in plaque formation (2003) J Clin Periodontol, 30, pp. 7-9Marsh, P.D., Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? (2003) Microbiology, 149, pp. 279-294Filoche, S.K., Soma, K., Sissons, C.H., Antimicrobial effects of essencial oils in combination with chlorexidine digluconate (2005) Oral Microbiol Immunol, 20, pp. 221-225Rosenthal, S., Spangberg, L., Safavi, K., Conn, F., Chlorhexidine substantivity in root canal dentin (2004) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 98, pp. 488-492Zheng, C.Y., Wang, Z.H., Effects of chlorhexidine, listerine and fluoride listerine mouthrinses on four putative root-caries pathogens in the biofilm (2011) Chin J Dent Res, 14, pp. 135-140Lang, G., Buchbauer, G., A review on recent research results (2008-2010) on essential oils as antimicrobials and antifungals (2012) Rev Flavour Fragr J, 27, pp. 13-39Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P.W., Castillejos, L., Ferret, A., Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rúmen microbial fermentation (2007) J Dairy Sci, 6, pp. 2580-2595Khan, A., Ahmad, A., Akhtar, F., Yousuf, S., Xess, I., Khan, L.A., Manzoor, N., Induction of oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of the antifungal action of three phenylpropanoids (2011) FEMS Yeast Res, 11, pp. 114-122Cha, J.D., Jeong, M.R., Jeong, S.I.I., Moon, S.E., Kil, B.S., Yun, S.I.I., Lee, K.Y., Song, Y.H., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cryptomeria japonica (2007) Phytother Res, 21, pp. 295-299Maggi, F., Cacchini, C., Cresci, A., Coman, M.M., Tirillini, B., Sagratini, G., Papa, F., Vittori, S., Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Hypericum hircinum L. 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