Out of Practice: The Twenty-First-Century Legal Profession

Lawyering has changed dramatically in the past century, but scholarly and regulatory models have failed to keep pace. Because these models focus exclusively on the practice of law as defined by the profession, they ignore many types of work that today\u27s lawyers perform and many sources of ethical tension they encounter. To address these shortcomings, I examine significant twentieth- and twenty-first-century social dynamics that are fundamentally altering contemporary lawyers\u27 work by broadening and blurring the boundary between law and business. Within the resulting boundary zone, a growing number of lawyers occupy roles for which legal training is valuable but licensure is not required. I argue that the ambiguity surrounding these roles—regarding what constitutes legal practice, what roles lawyers play, and what professional obligations attach—creates opportunities for abuse by individual lawyers and for ethical arbitrage by sophisticated corporate clients. The proliferation of these roles gives rise to key ethical tensions, ignored by existing models of the profession, that threaten to extinguish the profession\u27s public-facing orientation in favor of its private interests. I conclude that we cannot effectively understand and regulate the twenty-firstcentury legal profession until we move beyond the rigid constraints of existing models and begin to study the full range of roles and work settings—both in and out of practice—that today\u27s lawyers occupy

Performance tests of an organic amine carbon dioxide removal system Final report

Performance tests and operating parameters of regenerable two-bed organic amine carbon dioxide removal syste

Research and development study related to the synthesis of formaldehyde from CO2 and H2 Quarterly progress report, Aug. - Oct. 1967

Air oxidation of methane to formaldehyde using gaseous nitric oxide catalyst with solid heated reaction beds - oxidation of methane with ozonized air over potassium tetraborate be

Research and development study related to the synthesis of formaldehyde from CO2 and H2 Quarterly progress report, Aug. - Oct. 1966

Formaldehyde synthesis procedures under space conditions, with bibliograph

Research and Development Study Related to the Synthesis of Formaldehyde from CO2 and H2 Quarterly Progress Report, Feb. - Apr. 1967

Oxidation of methane to formaldehyde in reactors coated with potassium tetraborat

Reconstructing Professionalism

Amidst widespread calls of crisis in the American legalprofession, scholars, commentators and bar leaders areproposing that we rely on market logic to address theproblems and challenges of contemporary lawyering.Proposed reforms seek to unbundle, commoditize, andautomate as many legal services as possible; to allow non-lawyers to capitalize law firms and litigation; and topermit services providers with limited or no legal trainingto perform a wide range of legal tasks. In much the sameway that policymakers in the 1980s and 1990s came toaccept market-based deregulatory reforms to industriesacross the country, today\u27s ethics committees and law firms are reconstructing lawyering as a commodityexchange, disciplined primarily by the market.This Article examines and critiques this growing trend.It argues that the market vision of lawyering ignores andundermines important democratic roles that lawyers playin enabling and empowering citizens to participate in thelegal system. Individually and collectively, lawyers guideclients through the legal system as trusted advisors andadvocates; they empower clients against powerfuladversaries or state over-reaching; they challenge andconstrain client demands that contravene the law; andthey involve clients in the creation of law on the books andin action. Lawyers perform this work by employingrational dynamics that market exchange fails to accountfor, such as trust, loyalty, judgment, empowerment, andservice. These dynamics are undermined or eliminatedwhen we ground professional regulation in a conception oflawyering as an arms\u27length exchange of services for a fee.Drawing on nineteenth century social thought thataccompanied the rise of the modern professions, thisArticle advocates a different approach to reform. Theprofessions were initially embraced as institutions thatcould intermediate between the state, society, and theeconomy, without being captured by the market. Buildingon this vision, modern reforms should seek to harness andconstrain market forces in productive ways, rather thanallowing market forces to dictate the profession\u27s future indeleterious ways. Properly reconstructed, the legalprofession can and should facilitate and mediaterelationships pursuant to law rather than wealth orpower

Research and development study related to the synthesis of formaldehyde from CO2 and H2 Quarterly progress report, May - Jul. 1967

Synthesis of formaldehyde by oxidation of methan

Research and development study related to synthesis of formaldehyde from CO2 and H2 Quarterly progress report, Nov. 1966 - Jan. 1967

Solid catalyst selection for formaldehyde synthesis by methane oxidatio

Design and fabrication of a prototype for an automatic transport system for transferring human and other wastes to an incinerator unit onboard spacecraft, phase A

Three transport system concepts were experimentally evaluated for transferring human and nonhuman wastes from a collection site to an incineration unit onboard spacecraft. The operating parameters, merits, and shortcomings of a porous-pneumatic, nozzle-pneumatic, and a mechanical screw-feed system were determined. An analysis of the test data was made and a preliminary design of two prototype systems was prepared