1,529 research outputs found
Higher rank Wilson loops from a matrix model
We compute the circular Wilson loop of N=4 SYM theory at large N in the rank
k symmetric and antisymmetric tensor representations. Using a quadratic
Hermitian matrix model we obtain expressions for all values of the 't Hooft
coupling. At large and small couplings we give explicit formulae and reproduce
supergravity results from both D3 and D5 branes within a systematic framework.Comment: 1+18 pages. 1 figure. Typos correcte
Is orbital angular momentum always conserved in spontaneous parametric down-conversion?
In the non-linear optical process of type-II spontaneous parametric
down-conversion, we present on an experiment showing that the two-photon
detection amplitude of the down-converted beams does not generally reproduce
the transverse profile of the pump beam that carries non-zero orbital angular
momentum. We explain this observation by that orbital angular momentum is not
conserved in the type-II non-linear process due to the broken rotational
symmetry of the Hamiltonian.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. Revise
Ultrafast switching of photonic entanglement
To deploy and operate a quantum network which utilizes existing
telecommunications infrastructure, it is necessary to be able to route
entangled photons at high speeds, with minimal loss and signal-band noise,
and---most importantly---without disturbing the photons' quantum state. Here we
present a switch which fulfills these requirements and characterize its
performance at the single photon level; it exhibits a 200-ps switching window,
a 120:1 contrast ratio, 1.5 dB loss, and induces no measurable degradation in
the switched photons' entangled-state fidelity (< 0.002). Furthermore, because
this type of switch couples the temporal and spatial degrees of freedom, it
provides an important new tool with which to encode multiple-qubit states in a
single photon. As a proof-of-principle demonstration of this capability, we
demultiplex a single quantum channel from a dual-channel,
time-division-multiplexed entangled photon stream, effectively performing a
controlled-bit-flip on a two-qubit subspace of a five-qubit, two-photon state
Optical Characterization of Anodically Grown Silicon Dioxide Thin Films
In silicon-based fabrication processes, silicon dioxide (SiO2) thin film is most widely used insulating film in the manufacture of integrated/discrete devices and microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS). Various techniques have been established for the synthesis of silicon dioxide thin films. However, anodic oxidation method offers key advantages over the high temperature processes such as low cost, simple experimental set-up, low temperature, etc. In the present work SiO2 thin films are developed on silicon using anodic oxidation technique at room temperature. Constant voltage mode is employed in order to investigate the effect of applied voltage and the electrolyte stirring on thickness, refractive index and chemical bonds of the as-grown oxide films. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are employed to characterize various properties of the as-grown oxide films. At the applied voltage of 250 V, the highest thickness of 134 nm is obtained. The oxides developed at higher voltages are slightly silicon rich. The present study is aimed to explore the applications of silicon anodic oxidation in MEMS/Microelectronics fabrication
Towards a New Spatial Representation of Bone Remodeling
Irregular bone remodeling is associated with a number of bone diseases such
as osteoporosis and multiple myeloma.
Computational and mathematical modeling can aid in therapy and treatment as
well as understanding fundamental biology. Different approaches to modeling
give insight into different aspects of a phenomena so it is useful to have an
arsenal of various computational and mathematical models.
Here we develop a mathematical representation of bone remodeling that can
effectively describe many aspects of the complicated geometries and spatial
behavior observed.
There is a sharp interface between bone and marrow regions. Also the surface
of bone moves in and out, i.e. in the normal direction, due to remodeling.
Based on these observations we employ the use of a level-set function to
represent the spatial behavior of remodeling. We elaborate on a temporal model
for osteoclast and osteoblast population dynamics to determine the change in
bone mass which influences how the interface between bone and marrow changes.
We exhibit simulations based on our computational model that show the motion
of the interface between bone and marrow as a consequence of bone remodeling.
The simulations show that it is possible to capture spatial behavior of bone
remodeling in complicated geometries as they occur \emph{in vitro} and \emph{in
vivo}.
By employing the level set approach it is possible to develop computational
and mathematical representations of the spatial behavior of bone remodeling. By
including in this formalism further details, such as more complex cytokine
interactions and accurate parameter values, it is possible to obtain
simulations of phenomena related to bone remodeling with spatial behavior much
as \emph{in vitro} and \emph{in vivo}. This makes it possible to perform
\emph{in silica} experiments more closely resembling experimental observations.Comment: Math. Biosci. Eng., 9(2), 201
Growth and etch rate study of low temperature anodic silicon dioxide thin films
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) thin films are most commonly used insulating films in the fabrication of silicon-based integrated circuits (ICs) and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Several techniques with different processing environments have been investigated to deposit silicon dioxide films at temperatures down to room temperature. Anodic oxidation of silicon is one of the low temperature processes to grow oxide films even below room temperature. In the present work, uniform silicon dioxide thin films are grown at room temperature by using anodic oxidation technique. Oxide films are synthesized in potentiostatic and potentiodynamic regimes at large applied voltages in order to investigate the effect of voltage, mechanical stirring of electrolyte, current density and the water percentage on growth rate, and the different properties of as-grown oxide films. Ellipsometry, FTIR, and SEM are employed to investigate various properties of the oxide films. A 5.25 Å/V growth rate is achieved in potentiostatic mode. In the case of potentiodynamic mode, 160 nm thickness is attained at 300 V. The oxide films developed in both modes are slightly silicon rich, uniform, and less porous. The present study is intended to inspect various properties which are considered for applications in MEMS and Microelectronic
Composition, productivity and impact of grazing on the biodiversity of a grazing land in Almora District
Biodiversity of Almora district is heavily affected in the areas with heavy grazing pressure, although moderate grazing enhanced the biodiversity of the area. In the present study site a total of 45 herbaceous species were present and therophytes were dominant among them. Live shoot biomass of plants varied from 175.0±3.5 to 1862.0±5.75 kg/ha and 87.0±3.25 to 1303.0±7.50 kg/ha in ungrazed and grazed plots respectively. Aboveground primary productivity was significantly higher on control plot (3082.2 kg/ha) over grazed plot (2644.0 kg/ha). The average bite frequency per hour was recorded maximum for goats (1106.5 bite/hr) and least for buffalos (920 bites/hr). The monthly dry matter consumption per animal was amounted to 157.15, 154.51, 68.66 and 61.34 kg for cow, buffalo, sheep and goat respectively under nomadic open grazing. The percent herbage exploitation was observed maximum by sheep (9.82%) and minimum by buffalo (8.75%)
All-optical switching of photonic entanglement
Future quantum optical networks will require the ability to route entangled
photons at high speeds, with minimal loss and added in-band noise, and---most
importantly---without disturbing the photons' quantum state. Here we present an
all-optical switch which fulfills these requirements and characterize its
performance at the single photon level. It exhibits a 200-ps switching window,
120:1 contrast, 1.5-dB loss, and induces no measurable degradation in the
switched photons' entangled-state fidelity (< 0.002). As a proof-of-principle
demonstration of its capability, we use the switch to demultiplex a single
quantum channel from a dual-channel, time-division-multiplexed entangled photon
stream. Furthermore, because this type of switch couples the temporal and
spatial degrees of freedom, it provides an important new tool with which to
encode multiple-qubit quantum states on a single photon
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