105 research outputs found
Aspicilia stalagmitica (Megasporaceae) - A new lichen species with isidia-like thalline outgrowths
Aspicilia stalagmitica Paukov et Davydov from the Altai Mts, a species with isidia-like outgrowths on areoles, is described as new to science. From other species of the genus Aspicilia stalagmitica differs by the following set of characters: short narrow marginal lobes, conidiomata in the isidia-like outgrowths, appressed to almost substipitate apothecia, long picnoconidia, and stictic acid as a main secondary metabolite. A phylogenetic analysis of Aspicilia stalagmitica (ITS) showing its relationships within Aspicilia is presented. Β© 2020 Altai State University. All rights reserved.Russian Foundation for Basic Research,Β RFBR: 18-04-00414Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation,Β MinobrnaukaUppsala UniversitetEvgeny Davydov thanks Dr Wen-Li Chen for organizing the expedition to China. Alexander Paukov would like to thank RFBR (project 18-04-00414) and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (agreement no. 02.A03.21.0006) for financial support. We are grateful to Anders Nordin (Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University) whose comments have greatly improved the manuscript
An investigation of the feasibility of the organic municipal solid waste processing by coking
In the context of transition to a circular economy, one of the strategic priorities is the development of technological innovations aimed at waste processing. In this study, the foundations have been developed for a low-temperature, environmentally safe method for efficient processing of organic municipal solid waste, which may be further applied for processing both municipal and industrial waste organics in order to obtain liquid products. The maximum yield of liquid products is ensured when conducting the coking of a mixture of organic waste with long residuum in the temperature range of 400-420 Β°C, with a heating rate of 5-70 Β°C/min, and with an optimal heating time to the coking temperature of 80 min. Recommendations on the use of the waste recycling products are given. The proposed process is consistent with the principles of circular economy and does not require external energy costs because the energy needed for the process is generated by burning the gas produced during the waste coking. The process does not produce emissions into the environment and, in combination with standard refining processes, can be used to obtain commercial petroleum products. Β© 2019 by the authors.Government Council on Grants, Russian FederationFunding: This research received no external funding. Funding:Β ThisΒ researchΒ receivedΒ noΒ externalΒ funding.Β Acknowledgments: The work was supported by Act 211 of the Government of the Russian Federation, contract Acknowledgments:Β TheΒ workΒ wasΒ supportedΒ byΒ ActΒ 211Β ofΒ theΒ GovernmentΒ ofΒ theΒ RussianΒ Federation,Β contract
New species and records of saxicolous lichens from the Kodar Range (Trans-Baikal Territory, Russia)
Fifty-six species of saxicolous lichens are reported for the first time from the Kodar Range. Circinaria scyphulifera is described as new to science. Aspicilia nikrapensis and Fuscidea submollis are new for Russia; Aspicilia sublapponica, Lepra monogona and Thelignya lignyota are new for southern Siberia; and 35 species of saxicolous lichens are reported for the first time for the Stanovoye Nagor'e highlands. Fuscopannaria ahlneri alredy appears in the Red Data Book of the Trans-Baikal Territory. Β© 2018 Sergey Chesnokov et al., published by Sciendo.We thank Evgeny Davydov (Barnaul, Russia), Dmitry Himel-brant (St. Petersburg, Russia) and Alexandr Ezhkin (Yuzh-no-Sakhalinsk, Russia) for identifying some specimens, and the reviewers for valuable help. The study was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 14-04-01411, 15-04-05971, 16-04-01346) and by an institutional research project (βThe lichen flora of the Russian Federationβ, no. ΠΠΠΠ-Π18-118031590042-0) of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
New records of lichens from the Russian Far East. I. Fuscidea submollis and other arctic-alpine species
Summary. Fuscidea submollis Mas. Inoue is reported for the first time from the Russian Far East. Distinctive features of the taxon are discussed, and a comparison with known saxicolous Fuscidea V. Wirth & VΔzda species with amyloid medulla is made. Three arctic-alpine species: Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.) A. Massal., Buellia concinna Th. Fr., Amygdalaria panaeola (Ach.) Hertel et Brodo, and Aspilidea myrinii (Fr.) Hafellner are recorded for the first time in the South Far East from the Sikhote Alin Range (Primorye Territory). Calvitimela aglaea (Sommerf.) Hafellner is reported for the first time from Sikhote Alin Range and Primorye Territory. Β© 2019 Altai State University. All rights reserved.Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,Β JSPS: 19-54-50010Russian Foundation for Basic Research,Β RFBRThe reported study was funded by RFBR and JSPS according to the research project β 19-54-50010
The Role of Secondary Metabolites and Bark Chemistry in Shaping Diversity and Abundance of Epiphytic Lichens
Diversity of secondary lichen metabolites was studied in epiphytic lichens on six phorophytesβspruce, pine, birch, alder, aspen and poplar in the Middle Urals of Russia. Atranorin, usnic, fumarprotocetraric acid, zeorin, and gyrophoric acid were found in 31, 24, 23, 18, and 14 species, respectively, of 237 taxa collected. Seventy-seven species (i.e., 32% of total species documented) contained no secondary metabolites. Spectra of secondary metabolites of fruticose and foliose lichens varied on different phorophytes, while in crustose species the strong dependence on the tree species was not detected. This is different to the pH dependence of saxicolous lichens where crustose lichens were more susceptible to the rock chemistry. The results of Canonical Correspondence Analysis reveal the affinity of species containing depsides, depsidones or usnic acid to acidic substrata and those lacking secondary metabolites or containing terpenes and antraquinones to the pH-neutral bark. We suppose that phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as chemical constituents of bark, may interact with lichen symbioses and elements in phellem, and similarly to the lichen acids shape the affinity of species to the substrata. Copyright Β© 2022 Paukov, Teptina, Ermoshin, Kruglova and Shabardina.Russian Science Foundation,Β RSF: 22-24-00817AE was partially supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant number 22-24-00817
Lithographa tesserata (Trapeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) new to Japan
The genus Lithographa and the species L. tesserata are reported for the first time for Japan. The species was collected on siliceous rocks in mountain areas of Hokkaido. It is characterized by having crustose areolate thallus, black lirellate ascomata, simple hyaline ascospores and the presence of norstictic acid. Characteristic features of the species based on the Japanese material, distribution, comparison with other species of the genus are provided. In addition, a short description of a specimen of L. tesserata from Sakhalin Island and a comparison with the Japanese material are given. Β© 2022, Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii. All Rights Reserved.Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka, (121031000117-9)The study of L. S. Yakovchenko was carried out within the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (theme no. 121031000117-9)
Fungal literature records database of the Northern West Siberia (Russia)
Background Mycological research in the Northern part of West Siberia has now become sufficient for review and digitisation as over 460 scientific works have been completed mainly since the beginning of the 20th century. The history of research in the region started from isolated studies at the beginning of the 20th century, but regular and systematic research started from the 1970s. Over the following decades, several dozens of researchers have worked in the area, but the reported occurrences were scattered amongst a broad variety of publications, mainly hardly available. The great need in digitisation and accumulation of fungal records reported in published literature in a standardised regional database has now become evident. The Β«Fungal records database of the Northern West SiberiaΒ» (FuNWS) was initiated in 2016 according to contemporary biodiversity data standards (Darwin Core), to be compatible and accessible by the broad research community. The database has been supplemented ever since by the collective effort of specialists working in the area. According to the database summary report, there are 3358 fungal and fungus-like species revealed in the Northern West Siberia at present. The richest in species number classes are Agaricomycetes (60%) and Lecanoromycetes (33%) with a total of 25 classes represented. The FuNWS database was uploaded to Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (Ygra State University Biological Collection publisher) on 11 November 2017 (earlier titled Β«Fungal Records Database of Yugra, FReDYΒ») to provide open access to the data and its reusability (Filippova et al. 2020). New information This publication summarises the results of the digitisation of literature-based occurrence records of fungi and fungus-like organisms initiated in the Northern part of West Siberia for the first time in the history of mycological research. The bibliography of regional mycological publications was created to include about 460 published works (Suppl. material 2). In total, about 140 literature sources were digitised and about 22000 occurrence records were integrated into the FuNWS database (Filippova et al. 2020). Β© Filippova N et al.20-04-00349Russian Foundation for Basic Research,Β ΓΒ ΓΒ€Γۈ : 18-05-00398Russian Foundation for Basic Research,Β ΓΒ ΓΒ€Γۈ : 13-01-20/39,Β 18-44-860017The research was funded by the Russian Fund for Basic Research and Government of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous region according to the research project 18-44-860017 and grant 13-01-20/39 of the Yugra State University. Anton G. Shiryaev was partially funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research No 18-05-00398 Π. Elena A. Zvyagina was supported by the KhMAO β Ugra government assignment for Surgut State University β20-04-00349. Π. S. Arefyev was supported by the Fundemental research programme of the Tyumen Scientific Center SB RAS VI.52.1. project number AAAA-A17-117050400146-1. The authors are grateful to Ilya Filippov for preparation of a graph
Peculiarities of electronic heat capacity of thulium cuprates in pseudogap state
Precise calorimetric measurements have been carried out in the 7 - 300 K
temperature range on two ceramic samples of thulium 123 cuprates TmBa2Cu3O6.92
and TmBa2Cu3O6.70. The temperature dependence of the heat capacity was analyzed
in the region where the pseudogap state (PGS) takes place. The lattice
contribution was subtracted from the experimental data. The PGS component has
been obtained by comparing electronic heat capacities of two investigated
samples because the PGS contribution for the 6.92 sample is negligible. The
anomalous behavior of the electronic heat capacity near the temperature
boundary of PGS was found. It is supposed that this anomaly is due to
peculiarities in N(E) function where N is the density of electronic states and
E is the energy of carriers of charge.Comment: 12 pages, 3 Postscript figure
Low-Temperature Polymorphic Phase Transition in a Crystalline Tripeptide L-Ala-L-Pro-GlyΒ·H2O Revealed by Adiabatic Calorimetry
We demonstrate application of precise adiabatic vacuum calorimetry to observation of phase transition in the tripeptide l-alanyl-l-prolyl-glycine monohydrate (APG) from 6 to 320 K and report the standard thermodynamic properties of the tripeptide in the entire range. Thus, the heat capacity of APG was measured by adiabatic vacuum calorimetry in the above temperature range. The tripeptide exhibits a reversible first-order solid-to-solid phase transition characterized by strong thermal hysteresis. We report the standard thermodynamic characteristics of this transition and show that differential scanning calorimetry can reliably characterize the observed phase transition with <5 mg of the sample. Additionally, the standard entropy of formation from the elemental substances and the standard entropy of hypothetical reaction of synthesis from the amino acids at 298.15 K were calculated for the studied tripeptide.National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (EB-003151)National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (EB-001960)National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.) (EB-002026
ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π΅
The aim. Investigating morphological and molecular characteristics of injury and reparation of the stem cell niche (SCN) zones in the respiratory acini and determining a role of these changes for the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) / usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Methods. Surgical transthoracic (n = 71) and transbronchial (n = 47) lung biopsy specimen from 118 patients were investigated. Bronchiolar carcinoma occurring against the background of ILF was diagnosed in 13 cases. Serial paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Van Gieson picrofuchsin; immunohistochemical reactions were used to detect MMP-1, -2, -7, TIMP-4, PCNA, PDGF, EGF, FGF-b, desmin (Dsm), vimentin (Vimentin), SMA (LabVision, 1 : 100), Apo-Cas (Novocastra, 1 : 100), TGF-b, TNF-a, CD 34, CK-7, -18, Oct-4 and CD-117 (DAKO, 1 : 50), CD68, (DAKO, 1 : 100), CK-5 (Biogenesis, 1 : 200), CK-6, -19 (Uni-Heidelberg, 1: 100). Biotinylated antibodies against mouse and rabbit immunoglobulins (Dako LSAB + KIT, Peroxidase) were used as secondary antibodies. All quantitative and semi-quantitative data were analyzed with variational statistics. Results. Involvement of NSC zones of the lung tissue plays the key role in pathogenesis and morphogenesis of IPF / UIP. This leads to deficient reparation. Disorders of mesenchymal-epithelial transformation / epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (MET / EMT) are likely to be a basis for insufficient reparation in UIP. This is supported by appearance of cells with myofibroblast phenotype expressing both markers of mesenchymal and epithelial differentiation and stem cell markers in the SCN zones. Conclusion. Cells with myofibroblast phenotype could be considered as markers of pathologic reparation following MET program failure. Subsequently, MET program failure in UIP could lead to the development of Β«honey-combΒ» disorders in the lungs and also to lung carcinoma development.ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ½ Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ (ΠΠ‘Π) ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡ
Π² Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π° (ΠΠΠ€) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠΠ). Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
(n = 71) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
(n = 47) Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (n = 118) Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π±ΡΠΎΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (n = 13), ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΠΠ€. Π‘Π΅ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½ ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ; ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Π°ΠΌ (MMP)-1, -2, -7, ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΠΠ (TIMP-4), ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ PCNA, ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° (PDGF), ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° basic, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, β Π΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (LabVision, 1 : 100), Apo-Cas (Novocastra, 1 : 100), ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°-#b, ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ-#a, ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (Π¦Π)-7, -18, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ°Π½Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π° CD-34, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ OΡt-4 ΠΈ Π‘D-117 (DAKO, 1 : 50), CD-68, (DAKO, 1 : 100), Π¦K-5 (Biogenesis, 1 : 200), Π¦K-6, -19 (Uni-Heidelberg, 1 : 100). Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° (Dako LSAB + KIT, Peroxidase). ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΠΠ€ / ΠΠΠ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΠ‘Π Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΠΠ’) / ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΠΠ’), ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΠ‘Π ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ, Β«Π»Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅Β» ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΠ‘Π, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΠΠ’. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΠΠ’ / ΠΠΠ’ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΠΠ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Β«ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Β» Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ
- β¦