Prospects for digitalization of sustainable development projects in the Russian Federation

Green bonds have become the most notable innovations in the field of sustainable financing over the past 10 years. The article discusses the problems of issuing and circulation of such financial market instruments, examines the opportunities that modern financial technologies provide for the development of this market segment. Technologies for investing in green bonds and sustainable development bonds remain burdensome and technologically complex, as they involve going through many stages and attracting a significant number of participants. In addition, to date, there has not been a liquid and transparent market for retail investors, and economic sanctions against Russia cut off the country from the financial markets of other countries for an indefinite time. However, the tools of sustainable development can now be successfully applied if innovative technologies such as blockchain technologies, smart contracts, the Internet of things and digital assets are used. The purpose of the study is to formulate recommendations for the progress of the sustainable development system in Russia, as well as to propose a mechanism for the tokenization of sustainable development bonds to attract and place funds from small investors in order to solve social and environmental problems of the Russian economy

The influence of dependences of psychophysiological characteristics of drivers

The article analyzes the "man-machine-environment" system in relation to the psychophysiological characteristics of the driver - "human operator". The methods of diagnosing the psychophysiological characteristics of drivers were analyzed. The dependencies between the parameters of psychophysiological characteristics were established: complex visual-motor reaction and emotional stability (Pearson correlation coefficient r = -0.7), as well as the correlation between emotional stability and the level of perception of speed and distance (r = 0.5). The psychophysiological characteristics at different stages of the driving experience were revealed and practical recommendations were formulated for their development

Роль трамвайного движения в формировании транспортной системы Магнитогорска

The final part of the article the first part of which was published in our previous issue (Vol. 17, Iss. 5). It provides information about the state of Magnitogorsk electric transport during its formation. The article is structured into sections relating to expansion of the route tram network, state and development of car fleet. The considered time period captures the years of the Great Patriotic War and is limited to the beginning of the «thaw» in the domestic political life of the Soviet state. Through systematization of documentary evidence, the fundamental role of tram traffic in formation of the transport system of Magnitogorsk for the studied time period is determined. This should contribute to development of information support for research on the historical patterns of formation of urban transport systems based in the period of industrialization.The second part of the article mainly describes the models of trams operated in Magnitogorsk in post-war period since 1945, their fetaures, advantages and disadvantages. This is of the particular interest since the same trams were operated in many other Russian cities as well.Окончание статьи, начало которой опубликовано в предыдущем номере нашего журнала. В ней приведены сведения о состоянии магнитогорского электротранспорта в период его  становления. Материал статьи структурирован по разделам, касающимся расширения маршрутной трамвайной сети, состояния и развития вагонного парка. Рассматриваемый временной период захватывает годы Великой Отечественной войны и  ограничен началом «оттепели» во внутриполитической жизни страны.Посредством систематизации документальных свидетельств определена основополагающая роль трамвайного движения в формировании транспортной системы Магнитогорска за исследуемый временной период. Это должно способствовать информационному обеспечению исследований исторических закономерностей формирования транспортных систем городов, основанных в период индустриализации.В этой части содержится подробное описание послевоенных трамваев с их техническими характеристиками, достоинствами и недостатками. Это представляет тем больший интерес, потому что эти трамваи использовались не только в Магнитогорске, но и в других городах

МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИЕ И КЛИНИКО-РАДИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С СИМПТОМАТИЧЕСКОЙ ЭПИЛЕПСИЕЙ ПРИ РАЗОРВАВШИХСЯ АНЕВРИЗМАХ СОСУДОВ ГОЛОВНОГО МОЗГА

The results of the study of metabolic and clinical-radiological changes in patients of two groups with and without symptomatic epilepsy on the background of hemorrhages from ruptured arterial aneurysms are shown. The findings suggest that there is the development of hypoxic nature of violations with the activation of prooxidant reactions in both groups, however, in patients with symptomatic epilepsy was found a significant decrease in antioxidant activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic cell protection systems with increasing the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in contrast to the group of patients without epilepsy.Приведены результаты исследования метаболических и клинико-радиологических изменений у пациентов двух групп с симптоматической эпилепсией или без эпиприступов при кровоизлияниях из разорвавшихся артериальных аневризм. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о развитии нарушений гипоксического характера с активацией прооксидантных реакций в обеих группах, однако у пациентов с симптоматической эпилепсией установлено значительное снижение антиоксидантной активности ферментативных и неферментативных систем защиты клеток при повышении продукции провоспалительного цитокина ФНО-альфа в отличие от группы пациентов без эписиндрома

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ МЕТОДА АКТИВНОГО КОНТРОЛЯ ЭКСКУРСИИ ЛЕГКОГО ПРИ ОБЛУЧЕНИИ СОЛИТАРНЫХ ОПУХОЛЕЙ

In this paper, we present the efficiency estimations of active breathing control with usage ABC system to ensure accuracy and reproducibility of patient positioning for hypofractionated or radiosurgery treatment of solitary lung tumors. The treatment procedures were holding on Elekta Axesse linac. Patients were positioning as for CT pretreatment scanning in supine position with hands behind their head and with using additional fixation (usually, knee and head support cushions). Patient’s position corrections were done with usage 3D imaging system XVI (Elekta AB) and robotic couch HexaPod to match isocenters the treatment plan and linac. It’s considered the interfraction patients’ offsets due to inaccurate setup and respiratory movements. It’s developed a protocol of choosing CTV-PTV margins for use in clinical practice, which is 5-9 mm, depending on anatomical directions. The margins have the greatest value in vertical (SI) and much lesser in transverse (LR) and longitudinal (AP) directions.В данной работе проведена оценка эффективности активного контроля дыхания пациента при помощи системы ABC в обеспечении точности и воспроизводимости укладки пациента при проведении гипофракционного или радиохирургического лечения больных с солитарными опухолями легкого. Сеанс облучения пациентов на медицинском ускорителе Elekta Axesse проводился в положении лежа с заведенными за голову руками и с использованием дополнительных фиксирующих устройств (чаще всего фиксация для ног и головы), как при выполнении референсных КТ-снимков. Положение пациента корректировалось средствами системы трехмерной рентгеновской визуализации XVI (Elekta AB) при помощи роботизированного стола HexaPod для совмещения изоцентра лечебного плана и изоцентра ускорителя. Рассмотрены интерфракционные смещения пациента, вызванные неточной укладкой и респираторными движениями. Разработан протокол выбора отступов CTV-PTV рекомендуемых для использования в клинической практике, которые составляют 5-9 мм, в зависимости от анатомического направления. Они имеют наибольшую величину в вертикальном (SI) и значительно меньшую в поперечном (LR) и продольном направлениях (AP)

Novel Photosensitizers Trigger Rapid Death of Malignant Human Cells and Rodent Tumor Transplants via Lipid Photodamage and Membrane Permeabilization

BACKGROUND: Apoptotic cascades may frequently be impaired in tumor cells; therefore, the approaches to circumvent these obstacles emerge as important therapeutic modalities. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Our novel derivatives of chlorin e(6), that is, its amide (compound 2) and boronated amide (compound 5) evoked no dark toxicity and demonstrated a significantly higher photosensitizing efficacy than chlorin e(6) against transplanted aggressive tumors such as B16 melanoma and M-1 sarcoma. Compound 5 showed superior therapeutic potency. Illumination with red light of mammalian tumor cells loaded with 0.1 µM of 5 caused rapid (within the initial minutes) necrosis as determined by propidium iodide staining. The laser confocal microscopy-assisted analysis of cell death revealed the following order of events: prior to illumination, 5 accumulated in Golgi cysternae, endoplasmic reticulum and in some (but not all) lysosomes. In response to light, the reactive oxygen species burst was concomitant with the drop of mitochondrial transmembrane electric potential, the dramatic changes of mitochondrial shape and the loss of integrity of mitochondria and lysosomes. Within 3-4 min post illumination, the plasma membrane became permeable for propidium iodide. Compounds 2 and 5 were one order of magnitude more potent than chlorin e(6) in photodamage of artificial liposomes monitored in a dye release assay. The latter effect depended on the content of non-saturated lipids; in liposomes consisting of saturated lipids no photodamage was detectable. The increased therapeutic efficacy of 5 compared with 2 was attributed to a striking difference in the ability of these photosensitizers to permeate through hydrophobic membrane interior as evidenced by measurements of voltage jump-induced relaxation of transmembrane current on planar lipid bilayers. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The multimembrane photodestruction and cell necrosis induced by photoactivation of 2 and 5 are directly associated with membrane permeabilization caused by lipid photodamage

Profiling of 179 miRNA expression in blood plasma of lung cancer patients and cancer-free individuals

Lung cancer is one of major cancers, and survival of lung cancer patients is dictated by the timely detection and diagnosis. Cell-free circulating miRNAs were proposed as candidate biomarkers for lung cancer. These RNAs are frequently deregulated in lung cancer and can persist in bodily fluids for extended periods of time, shielded from degradation by membrane vesicles and biopolymer complexes. To date, several groups reported the presence of lung tumour-specific subsets of miRNAs in blood. Here we describe the profiling of blood plasma miRNAs in lung cancer patients, healthy individuals and endobronchitis patients using miRCURY LNA miRNA qPCR Serum/Plasma Panel (Exiqon). From 241 ratios differently expressed between cancer patients and healthy individuals 19 miRNAs were selected for verification using the same platform. LASSO-penalized logistic regression model, including 10 miRNA ratios comprised of 14 individual miRNAs discriminated lung cancer patients from both control groups with AUC of 0.979

METABOLIC AND CLINICAL-RADIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC EPILEPSYON THE BACKGROUND OF RUPTURED ANEURYSM IN BRAIN

The results of the study of metabolic and clinical-radiological changes in patients of two groups with and without symptomatic epilepsy on the background of hemorrhages from ruptured arterial aneurysms are shown. The findings suggest that there is the development of hypoxic nature of violations with the activation of prooxidant reactions in both groups, however, in patients with symptomatic epilepsy was found a significant decrease in antioxidant activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic cell protection systems with increasing the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in contrast to the group of patients without epilepsy

In Vivo Evaluation of PCL Vascular Grafts Implanted in Rat Abdominal Aorta

Electrospun tissue-engineered grafts made of biodegradable materials have become a perspective search field in terms of vascular replacement, and more research is required to describe their in vivo transformation. This study aimed to give a detailed observation of hemodynamic and structural properties of electrospun, monolayered poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) grafts in an in vivo experiment using a rat aorta replacement model at 10, 30, 60 and 90 implantation days. It was shown using ultrasound diagnostic and X-ray tomography that PCL grafts maintain patency throughout the entire follow-up period, without stenosis or thrombosis. Vascular compliance, assessed by the resistance index (RI), remains at the stable level from the 10th to the 90th day. A histological study using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), von Kossa and Russell–Movat pentachrome staining demonstrated the dynamics of tissue response to the implant. By the 10th day, an endothelial monolayer was forming on the graft luminal surface, followed by the gradual growth and compaction of the neointima up to the 90th day. The intense inflammatory cellular reaction observed on the 10th day in the thickness of the scaffold was changed by the fibroblast and myofibroblast penetration by the 30th day. The cellularity maximum was reached on the 60th day, but by the 90th day the cellularity significantly (p = 0.02) decreased. From the 60th day, in some samples, the calcium phosphate depositions were revealed at the scaffold-neointima interface. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the scaffolds retained their fibrillar structure up to the 90th day. Thus, we have shown that the advantages of PCL scaffolds are excellent endothelialization and good surgical outcome. The disadvantages include their slow biodegradation, ineffective cellularization, and risks for mineralization and intimal hyperplasia

P34

Lung cancer (LC) is currently the world’s leading cause of cancer-related mortality with overall mortality to incidence ratio of 0.87. Only 15% of LC patients are diagnosed at early stage of disease and have 5-year survival rate of 54%, whereas 56% of patients have distant metastases and 5-year survival rate of about 4%. Current methods of lung cancer diagnostics are not efficient as screening tools due to high costs (CT), low sensitivity and health risks (radiology), invasiveness (biopsy) or low prevalence in population (genetic alterations). New strategies for preclinical lung cancer screening as well as monitoring of post therapy relapses are required. MiRNAs circulating in blood were shown to reflect the progression of disease and are thus considered as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnostics and theranostics. In this study we investigated seven-miRNA signature circulating in plasma of lung cancer patients and healthy individuals. All seven miRNAs were previously shown to be involved in either regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis and/or tumor development, invasion and vascularization. Blood samples of 50 healthy individuals were obtained from Center of New Medical Technologies (Novosibirsk, Russia) and Novosibirsk Research Institute of Circulation Pathology of E.N. Meshalkin (Novosibirsk, Russia). Samples of 75 lung cancer patients, including 52 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 18 patients with adenocarcinoma (AC) were obtained from Novosibirsk Research Institute of Circulation Pathology of E.N. Meshalkin (Novosibirsk, Russia) and Tomsk Cancer Research Institute RAMS (Tomsk, Russia). None of the patients have undergone surgical treatment or received chemotherapy prior to blood collection. Lung biopsy specimens and imaging techniques were applied to confirm the histopathological features and tumor stages of LC patients. Study was approved by ethical committees of all participating organizations and written informed consent was provided by all participants. Circulating miRNAs were isolated from blood plasma using a single-phase phenol-free protocol (Zaporozhchenko et al., Anal Biochem, 2015; Rus. patent application No. 2014137763, priority date 17.09.2014). Concentrations of miRNAs (miR-21, miR-19b, miR-126, miR-25, miR-205, miR-183, miR-125b) were measured by qRT-PCR and normalized to miR-16. Concentrations of four miRNAs (miR-19b, miR-21, miR-25, miR-183) were significantly different in lung cancer versus healthy individuals (p<0.05, T-test, two-sided). Two miRNAs were upregulated (miR-19b, miR-21), two were downregulated (miR-25, miR-183) in cancer patients. Four miRNAs (miR-19b, miR-126, miR-25, miR-205) were found to be differentially regulated in SCC patients when compared to healthy controls. In AC patients only two miRNAs (miR-19b, miR-183) were differently expressed. Thus, cancer subtypes have different input into overall picture. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of differentially expressed miRNAs in total study population and subtype-based groups showed that miR-19b has highest predictive value for total population and SCC patients, while miR-183 was more effective in discriminating patients with AC. All miRNAs except miR-21 showed strong bias towards one of the subtypes. Presumably a combination of miRNAs with opposite bias should provide a more potent diagnostic tool for cancer detection in total population than individual miRNAs or panels of miRNAs that are specific to one cancer subtype. Indeed, stepwise binary logistic regression has identified the combination of miR-19b and miR-183 to be a strong prediction of disease in total population and yielded a solid increase in AUC: 0,990 (miR-19b+miR-183) versus 0,806 (miR-19b) or 0,924 (miR-183). This combination can be used to identify lung cancer with 94.7% sensitivity and 95.2% specificity. Thus, biological aspects such as tumor genetics and phenotype, stage of disease, response to therapy, and other meaningful tumor properties of such heterogeneous malignancies as LC can interfere with contents and composition of cell-free miRNA pool. Wide profiling of circulating miRNAs will specify biomarkers of LC phenotypes and improve non/less-invasive LC diagnostics