Utilization of Local Feedstuffs for Native Chickens

Local feed-stuffs can be used to formulate diet for native chickens. The utilization of a feed ingredient should consider some factors such as the quantity available, nutrient compositions, price and limiting factors such as anti-nutrient or toxins that exist in the feed ingredient. Some potential local feed ingredients that can be used for native chickens are rice bran, cassava and its  by-product,  coconut  meal,  soybean  curd waste,  palm  oil  by-products,  shrimp  head  and  snail.  Research  results  on  the utilization of these ingredients in poultry feed are discussed in this paper. The application of the research results to make feed for native chickens required knowledge on diet formulation that includes the nutrient requirement for the chickens, calculation methods and techniques for mixing feed.   Key words: Native chickens, local feedstuffs, nutrient composition, nutrient requiremen

Penambahan Enzim dalam Pakan dengan Kepadatan Gizi yang Berbeda terhadap Performa ayam KUB Masa Starter

Pemberian pakan dengan kandungan gizi dan cara yang tepat merupakan salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan pakan. Suatu penelitian dilakukan untuk menentukan kebutuhan gizi ayam KUB masa starter dengan membuat pakan dengan kepadatan gizi yang berbeda yang ditambahkan enzim. Empat jenis ransum yang terdiri dari faktorial 2 jenis ransum (kepadatan gizi Tinggi dan Rendah) dengan 2 level enzim BS4 (0 dan 30 Unit/kg) disusun sebagai perlakuan. Setiap jenis ransum diberikan ke 100 ekor ayam (10 ulangan @ 10 ekor) mulai umur 1 h hingga 28 h. Performa (bobot badan, konsumsi ransum, FCR dan daya hidup) ayam diamati untuk mengetahui respon yang optimum. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa bobot badan 4 minggu, FCR dan daya hidup ayam KUB tidak dipengaruhi oleh perlakuan. Namun, konsumsi ransum nyata (

Utilization of Inconventional Feedstuffs for Animal Production

In the recent past, the increasing cost of imported feed ingredients, known as the main components of completed ration, caused the bankrupt of the intensive poultry industry. On the other hand, negative affect was faced by ruminant animal due to the potential land used for agriculture has been swidden/shifted to non-agricultural function, resulting in a shortage of feed sources, availability and supply for ruminant animal. Consequently, the animal productivity is low. There is ,therefore a need to look for cheaper alternative sources of feedstuffs has to be given in order to optimize the productivity of animal utilizing available feed in this country. A number of investigations have been done in order to overcome the feed availability problem, including the potential of crop by-product as a part of concentrate component. Although, crop by-product is   always generally related to cheaper feedstuff, there are several matters need to be considered. Those factors are the continuation of crop by-product availability, the nutrient content of crop by-products, the possibility of any limiting factors, such as the existence of toxic constituents as well as the processing needed before feeding to the animal. Experiment results on utilization of several crop by- products, such as rice bran, cassava leaves, coconut meal, palm oil cake, cocoa pod husks, tofu residue, shrimp (Penaeus Sp) meal, banana steam and rami (Haramaj Sp) leaves  in feeding ruminant animal (cattle and sheep) and non-rumiants animal (local and imported poultry as well as duck) will be reviewed in this paper.   Key words: Inconventional feedstuffs, crop by-product, animal productio

Use of Dried and Fresh Aloe Vera Barbadens as Feed Supplements and Their Effect on Broiler Performance

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation effect of dried and fresh Aloe vera barbadens gels in broiler feed. 180 heads of one –day-old chickens were randomly allocated into 6 treatments, namely : (1) basal ration (BR) + 0,25 g dried gel of Aloe vera (DGAV)/kg ration, (2) BR + 0,50 g DGAV/kg ration, (3) BR + 1,00 g DGAV/kg ration, (4) BR + 25 g fresh gel of Aloe vera (FGAV)/kg ration, (5) BR + 50 g FGAV/kg ration, (6) BR + 100 g FGAV/kg ration. Each treatment was replicated 5 times and consisted of 6 chickens. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), percentage of carcass and abdominal fats, and mortality were examined. Data were analized by the complete randomized factorial design 2x3, except for data of FCR , which was descriptively analyzed. Result showed that feed intake and weight gain of broilers were not significantly affected by the physical form of A. vera gel. FCR based on live weight and the carcass of chickens feed by DGAV was better than chickens feed by FGAV. Dosses and physical form of A.Vera gel in ration did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat, and broiler\u27s mortality, for 5 weeks of observation. (Animal Production 11(1): 53-58 (2009

The effect of antibiotic and Morinda citrifolia waste bioactive as feed additive in layer ration

A study on the use of zinc bacitracin antibiotic (ZnB) and Morinda citrifolia waste as feed additive in layer ration was conducted. One hundred and twenty pullet of Isa Brown strain were allocated into 5 treatments with 6 replications with 4 birds/replication. The treatment were: control, control + antibiotic (50 ppm Zinc bacitracin) and control + M. citrifolia waste at 3 levels (5, 10 and 15 g/kg ration). Analysis of variance was conducted in a completely randomized design. Variables measured were: feed intake, hen day (% HD), egg weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The results showed that feed intake of hens with M. citrifolia waste 5g/kg for 6 month was significantly (P0.05) higher than that of control and M. citrifolia waste 10 g/kg. Between antibiotic and M. citrifolia waste was not significantly different (P0.05). The percentage of HD with antibiotic and M. citrifolia waste did not significantly (P0.05) differ, but tent to be higher than that of the control. Egg weight with M. citrifolia waste 5 g/kg was significantly (P0.05) higher than that of control and M. citrifolia waste 15 g/kg. Between antibiotic and M. citrifolia waste did not significantly (P0.05).differ.  FCR with antibiotic and M. citrifolia waste 5 g/kg was significantly lower than that of control. Between antibiotic and M. citrifolia waste was not significantly different (P0.05), but FCR with antibiotic and M. citrifolia waste 5 g/kg tent to be lower than that of M. citrifolia waste 10 and 15g/kg. It is concluded that the use of M. citrifolia waste 5 g/kg can substituted antibiotic in layer ration. Key Words: M. Citrifolia Waste, Antibiotic, Egg Production, Laye

Effectiveness of bioactive combinations of several plant substances to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.

The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has been banned as feed additives in many countries, therefore the alternatives need to be found.  An in vitro experiment  was conducted to study the potential of combination of some plant extract to inhibit growth of pathogen bateria that normally occur in the poultry gastro intestinal tract.The combination of three plants bioactives (liquid smoke of cashew shells of Anacardium occidentaleor CLS, Phyllanthus niruri L. extract (EM), and Synzygium aromaticum extract (EDC) were formulated and evaluated for its effectiveness to inhibit growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. in vitro.The mixtures (KE) were then made in 3 different concentrations, i.e. 100 % KE, 50% KE, and 25% KE and studied their effectiveness to inhibit growth of E. coli or Salmonella sp. using microplate reader method. The results showed that the higher the concentration of the bioactive combination (KE100) the higher the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli or Salmonella sp. The combination of bioactive substances CAM, EM, and EDC more effectively than Zn-bacitracin antibiotics to inhibit the growth of E. coli and Salmonella sp. The optimum concentration of KE with the similar effectiveness as the AGP was 25%. It was concluded that the combination of CAM, EM, and EDC was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli and even capable to eliminate the presence of Salmonella sp. In the biological assay, a combination of CAM, EM, and EDC either extract or powder form, high dose, medium or low does not affect the weight of the spleen, bursa fabricius, and blood profile. The best combination of CAM, EM, and EDC extracts to decreases the total bacterial population and E. coli was middle dose ie 0.0625% (extract) and 0.625% (powder). Likewise for live weight gain that was a good dose of extract or powder form can replace antibiotics. It was concluded that combinations of CAM, EM, and EDC had potential as a substitute for AGP in poultry feed, especially chickens

The Efficacy of Avizyme 1500 for Improving Performance of Laying Hens

Suatu percobaan telah dilakukan untuk menguji manfaat penambahan enzim-Avizyme 1500® (Danisco Animal Nutrition, Marlborough, UK) terhadap performan ayam petelur selama periode satu tahun produksi. Ransum kontrol disusun dengan bahan utama terdiri dari jagung dan bungkil kedelai untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizi ayam petelur strain ISA Brown. Dua perlakuan yang diuji adalah ransum kontrol (C) dan ransum yang diberi enzim (C + 1000 g Avizyme/ton ransum. Setiap jenis ransum diberikan pada 80 ekor ayam petelur (20 ulangan dan 4 ekor/ulangan) mulai umur 20 hingga 72 minggu. Selama percobaan tersebut dilakukan pengamatan terhadap performan ayam petelur (konsumsi pakan, produksi telur, bobot telur, total berat produksi telur atau egg mass, konfersi pakan atau FCR, mortalitas, perubahan bobot badan dan kualitas telur). Perbedaan perlakuan dianalisis dengan menggunakan t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan Avizyme 1500 kedalam pakan dapat menurunkan konsumsi pakan 4% (P < 0,01), mengurangi mortalitas dari 15% menjadi 3,75% (P < 0.01) serta memperbaiki efisiensi penggunaan pakan (FCR) sebanyak 3% (P < 0,05). Mortalitas yang tinggi pada ayam kontrol (15%) terjadi karena adanya infeksi E.coli, sesuai uji post-mortem yang dilakukan. Akan tetapi, produksi telur (HD and HH), bobot telur dan massa telur tidak nyata dipengaruhi oleh penambahan Avizyme didalam pakan. Kualitas telur (HU, indeks kuning telur, bobot kuning telur dan tebal kerabang tidak nyata dipengaruhi oleh penambahan Avizyme dalam ransum. Oleh karena itu disimpulkan bahwa penambahan 1000 g Avizyme /ton ransum dapat memperbaiki efisiensi penggunaan pakan (FCR) sebagai akibat penurunan konsumsi pakan, tanpa merubah produktifitasnya. A trial was conducted in order to study the effect of the supplementation of Avizyme 1500® (Danisco Animal Nutrition, Marlborough, UK) on the performance of laying hens for one year. A control diet based on corn -soybean meal was formulated to meet nutrient requirement of ISA Brown laying hens. Two treatments, the control diet (C) and C + 1000 g Avizyme/tonne diet were tested. Each diet was fed to 80 birds (20 replicates of 4 birds) from 20 to 72 weeks of age, and performances of birds (feed intake, egg production, egg size, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, and egg quality) were measured. All data were subject to analyses of variance following the t-test. Results showed that the addition of Avizyme 1500 to the feed reduced feed intake by 4% (P < 0.01), mortality by 75 % or from 15% to 3.75% (P < 0.01) and improved the feed conversion ratio by 3 % (P < 0.05). The high mortality of the control treatment (15%) is explained by an E.coli infection that was observed following the postmortem examination of dead birds. The egg production (HD and HH), egg size and egg mass however were not significantly affected by the Avizyme supplementation. Egg quality (HU, yolk colour score, yolk weight and shell thickness) was not significantly affected by Avizyme supplementation. It can be concluded that the supplementation of 1000 g Avizyme /tonne of diet improved feed efficiency and this was mediated via a reduction in feed intake

Kestabilan Enzim BS4 imobil dalam Penyimpanan pada Suhu dan Kemasan Berbeda

Enzim mananase diproduksi oleh Eupenicillium javanicum BS4 dapat meningkatkan kecernaan pakan ayam yang mengandung 20% bungkil inti sawit. Dalam penerapan mannanase sebagai suplemen pakan, aktivitas dan stabilitas enzim menjadi penting untuk dipertahankan melalui berbagai teknik pengawetan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kestabilan enzim BS4 imobil pada matrik pollard dalam penyimpanan dengan suhu dan kemasan yang berbeda. Enzim BS4 imobil kering dikemas pada botol plastik, botol kaca dan kantong aluminium, kemudian disimpan pada suhu ruang dan kulkas. dievaluasi kadar air, aktivitas mananase serta aktivitas sakarifikasinya setelah penyimpanan 1,2,3,4,5,6,11,12,13 dan 14 bulan. Kadar air pada semua kemasan sampai penyimpanan 6 bulan masih lebih kecil dari 10%. Aktivitas relatif sakarifikasi berfluktuasi tetapi masih stabil sampai pada penyimpanan 6 bulan. Aktifitas mananase juga masih stabil sampai penyimpanan 6 bulan. Dapat disimpulkan suhu dan kemasan tidak mempengaruhi stabilitas enzim imobil selama 6 bulan penyimpanan, untuk itu penyimpanan dapat dilakukan pada temperatur ruangan, akan tetapi penyimpanan dalam jangka waktu lebih lama disarankan pada suhu dingin