Smoked marine fish from Western Region, Ghana: a value chain assessment

The value chain analysis of ths report focused on smoked marine fish- overwhelmingly the most important fish product originating in Western Region, Ghana. Smoked fish from Western Region is mainly destined for the domestic market where demand is very strong. Small quantities of smoked fish are destined for markets in Togo, Benin and Nigeria. The underlying objective of the fisheries value chain analysis is to identify opportunities for growth in the fisheries value chain, with an emphasis on those opportunities that have the potential to generate significant additional livelihoods, particularly at the level of the fishing communities and for low-income groups. The results from the value chain analysis will be used to identify pilot interventions to promote those livelihood outcomes. The main focus for the study is smoked fish (major species/product forms) destined for domestic markets. However, work will also be undertaken on the fresh fish trade and frozen fish to find out more about the significance of these value chains

Smoked marine fish from Western Region, Ghana: a value chain assessment

The value chain analysis of ths report focused on smoked marine fish- overwhelmingly the most important fish product originating in Western Region, Ghana. Smoked fish from Western Region is mainly destined for the domestic market where demand is very strong. Small quantities of smoked fish are destined for markets in Togo, Benin and Nigeria. The underlying objective of the fisheries value chain analysis is to identify opportunities for growth in the fisheries value chain, with an emphasis on those opportunities that have the potential to generate significant additional livelihoods, particularly at the level of the fishing communities and for low-income groups. The results from the value chain analysis will be used to identify pilot interventions to promote those livelihood outcomes. The main focus for the study is smoked fish (major species/product forms) destined for domestic markets. However, work will also be undertaken on the fresh fish trade and frozen fish to find out more about the significance of these value chains.Cured products, Food fish, Marketing, Processing fishery products, Ghana,

Introduction: Participatory Requirements and Rights

This book explores the changes to the defendant’s role as a participant in the criminal process and the ramifications of penalising a defendant’s non-cooperation, particularly its effect on the adversarial system. The increase in demand for participation has resulted in the imposition of requirements on defendants to actively participate, backed by penalties for non-cooperation. These requirements derive from legislation and have been given effect by the courts. The purpose of this book is to critically examine the participatory role of the defendant during the pre-trial and trial stages of the criminal process, from charge to verdict, and to assess the impact which requiring active participation has had on the nature of criminal procedure. The position taken is that it is wrong to require defendants to actively participate in proceedings against themselves. This argument is based on a broad approach to fair trial rights and a normative position, or theory, which holds that the criminal process should operate as a mechanism for calling the state to account for its accusations and request for official condemnation and punishment of the accused. When fair trial rights are interpreted broadly, as they ought to be, they allow defendants to take a passive role, while challenging the state and holding it to account for its accusations of criminal wrongdoing. Moreover, if defendants are to be treated as free and dignified citizens of a liberal democracy, as they ought to be, they must be at liberty to choose whether or not to actively participate in criminal proceedings. This normative theory of the criminal process not only provides a basis for the argument against requiring active participation, but also provides a framework, or yardstick, from which to approach and examine wider developments in criminal procedure and the law of evidence

Defence participation through pre-trial disclosure: issues and implications

The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 imposed, for the first time in the history of English criminal procedure, a general duty on the defence to disclose the details of its case ahead of trial. These disclosure requirements have been augmented by the case management provisions of the Criminal Procedure Rules and judicial responses to the perceived need to tackle ambush defences. The defence disclosure regime has changed the role of the defence as a participant in the criminal process. It raises issues of principle in terms of its effect on fai r trial rights and has implications for the nature of English criminal procedure. This article examines these issues and implications; it reveals that the defence disclosure regime has caused a shift in the English criminal process further away from an adv ersarial style contest towards a participatory model of procedure

A PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FIVE SWEETPOTATO SHIPPING CONTAINERS

Using a six x six latin square experimental design, five box types in two different markets were evaluated over a six-week period in 1986 to determine if sweetpotato arrival damage could be reduced through use of alternative shipping containers. Findings indicated that skinning, cut and break damage, and bruising could be reduced through use of either a 40-pound container or the 45-pound MUM box rather than using the current 50-pound box. Economic considerations, receiver preferences, and the actions of shippers resulted in the selection of a 40-pound shipping carton as the new standard for the North Carolina sweetpotato industry.Agribusiness,

Light-Activated Antimicrobial Surfaces Containing Quantum Dots for the Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections

This thesis details the development of effective light-activated antimicrobial polymers for use in healthcare environments, with the aim of reducing hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). The overuse and misuse of antibiotics is the most important factor that has led to increased incidence of multi-drug resistant HAIs. In the hospital setting where there is an abundance of immunosuppressed patients and often hygiene protocols are not strictly followed, HAIs can spread quickly, leading to increased length of hospital stay, morbidity and mortality and high healthcare costs. Self-disinfecting surfaces can reduce the incidence of HAIs by reducing the levels of bacteria on frequently touched hospital surfaces that serve as bacterial reservoirs, thus reducing the risk of HAI transmission. Quantum dots (QDs), extremely small nanoparticles that exhibit unique size-dependent properties, combined with photosensitisers display potent strong bactericidal activity upon incorporation into polymer surfaces. When irradiated under ambient white light, polymer surfaces induce the lethal photosensitisation of a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS cause irreversible damage leading to cell apoptosis and death by attacking bacterial cells in a non-specific fashion thus making the development of resistance unlikely. Polyurethane substrates were impregnated with QDs and photosensitiser dye (crystal violet) using a modified version of the simple and easily scalable dipping procedure known as the “swell-encapsulation-shrink” technique. Solely cadmium-free, indium-based QDs were used in this study, thereby circumventing issues regarding toxicity arising from the release of cadmium ions from traditional, commonly prepared QDs such CdTe, CdSe and CdS. Materials were characterised using techniques such as UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The prepared polymer substrates were activated under white light conditions mimicking those used in the hospital (~500 – 6000 lux). In order to deduce the photochemical pathway responsible for light-activated antibacterial activity, whether Type I, Type II or both, the antimicrobial surfaces were tested in a series of microbiological assays using specific ROS inhibitors and quenchers. The surfaces were tested against a range of nosocomial pathogens including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The novel materials described in this thesis demonstrate very strong self-disinfecting properties even under low light levels, demonstrating their potential for use in hospitals to reduce HAIs without the use of antibiotics

Racially aggravated offences: when does section 145 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 apply?

No description supplie

Unfit to Plead or Unfit to Testify? R v Orr [2016] EWCA Crim 889

Discusses the scope and interpretation of the test for unfitness to plead, the stage at which a finding of unfitness may be made, and the interplay between the unfitness to plead process and s.35 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994