Analysis of Smile Characteristics of Adult Female Subjects with Skeletal Class II Division 2 Malocclusion

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the smile characteristics of adult females with Angle Class II division 2 malocclusion compared to Angle Class I malocclusion. Materials and Methods: Two frontal photographs were taken for 30 orthodontically untreated female adult subjects with age range (18-30) years, at rest and posed smile from a fixed (1.5m) distance between the camera and the subjects. The 30 subjects were divided into 2 groups, 15 for Class II div 2 subjects and 15 for Class I subjects. The camera was focused only on the mouth, showing from the nose to the chin. Included in the capture area frame, an L shaped ruler with millimeter markings mounted on an adjustable tripod on the right side of the patient which was used to standardize the capture area. The photographs were exported to a computer, and uploaded to Adobe Photoshop CS2 where 13 soft tissue land marks were analyzed. Results: comparison between 13 soft tissue land marks for Class II div2 females and Class I females showed significant difference in lower facial height , lower lip thickness, lower lip length , maxillary incisal display, smile height and smile arch. And showed insignificant difference in rest of the measured parameters Conclusions: Angle’s Class II div.2 female subjects have significant lower mean values of the lower facial height, lower lip length, lower lip thickness than Class I female subjects. They also have significant shorter smile height. Incisor display than Class I female subjects. A higher percentage of non-consonant smile arcs were found among Class II division 2 females and it was found to be statistically significant between both groups

Factors Affecting Safety Performance: Case Study At Pt Pamapersada Nusantara

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to see the impact that safety performance can have on technical competencies, non-technical competencies, technical training and non-technical training  Design/methodology/approach: The research method referred to in this study is quantitative research, and the object of this research is PT. Pamapersada Nusantara, further using 89 respondents as a research sample, refers to the structural equational modelling model. Findings: The results showed that the respondents considered that technical training had nothing to do with safety performance, while other hypotheses were proven. Research limitations/implications: Although we found that technical competency and non-technical competency influence safety performance, it still need further exploration in order to explore other factors that influence safety performance; also, there will be a necessity for research to explore within mining companies Practical implications: The managerial implication of this research is that the company can evaluate the technical training implemented, which is related to the readiness of the instructor, the implementation of classroom learning activities, simulator activities, field practice activities, the content of the material following the training objectives, and the benefits felt by employees who have attended technical training. Originality/value: This paper originated from exploring within one particular mining company Paper type: Research Pape