5,331 research outputs found
Scaling of the turbulence transition threshold in a pipe
We report the results of an experimental investigation of the transition to
turbulence in a pipe over approximately an order of magnitude range in . A
novel scaling law is uncovered using a systematic experimental procedure which
permits contact to be made with modern theoretical thinking. The principal
result we uncover is a scaling law which indicates that the amplitude of
perturbation required to cause transition scales as .Comment: 4 pages, RevTex (submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett.
Beyond spontaneously broken symmetry in Bose-Einstein condensates
Spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) for Bose-Einstein condensates cannot
treat phase off-diagonal effects, and thus not explain Bell inequality
violations. We describe another situation that is beyond a SSB treatment: an
experiment where particles from two (possibly macroscopic) condensate sources
are used for conjugate measurements of the relative phase and populations.
Off-diagonal phase effects are characterized by a "quantum angle" and observed
via "population oscillations", signaling quantum interference of
macroscopically distinct states (QIMDS).Comment: 10 pages 4 figure
Ursell Operators in Statistical Physics III: thermodynamic properties of degenerate gases
We study in more detail the properties of the generalized Beth Uhlenbeck
formula obtained in a preceding article. This formula leads to a simple
integral expression of the grand potential of the system, where the interaction
potential appears only through the matrix elements of the second order Ursell
operator . Our results remain valid for significant degree of degeneracy
of the gas, but not when Bose Einstein (or BCS) condensation is reached, or
even too close from this transition point. We apply them to the study of the
thermodynamic properties of degenerate quantum gases: equation of state,
magnetic susceptibility, effects of exchange between bound states and free
particles, etc. We compare our predictions to those obtained within other
approaches, especially the ``pseudo potential'' approximation, where the real
potential is replaced by a potential with zero range (Dirac delta function).
This comparison is conveniently made in terms of a temperature dependent
quantity, the ``Ursell length'', which we define in the text. This length plays
a role which is analogous to the scattering length for pseudopotentials, but it
is temperature dependent and may include more physical effects than just binary
collision effects; for instance at very low temperatures it may change sign or
increase almost exponentially, an effect which is reminiscent of a precursor of
the BCS pairing transition. As an illustration, numerical results for quantum
hard spheres are given.Comment: 26 pages, 4 figures, LaTeX (amssymb), slight changes to first versio
Absence of Fragmentation in Two-Dimensional Bose-Einstein Condensation
We investigate the possibility that the BEC-like phenomena recently detected
on two-dimensional finite trapped systems consist of fragmented condensates. We
derive and diagonalize the one-body density matrix of a two-dimensional
isotropically trapped Bose gas at finite temperature. For the ideal gas, the
procedure reproduces the exact harmonic-oscillator eigenfunctions and the Bose
distribution. We use a new collocation-minimization method to study the
interacting gas in the Hartree-Fock approximation and obtain a ground-state
wavefunction and condensate fraction consistent with those obtained by other
methods. The populations of the next few eigenstates increase at the expense of
the ground state but continue to be negligible; this supports the conclusion
that two-dimensional BEC is into a single state.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figur
Some fundamental fracture mechanisms applicable to advanced filament reinforced composites
Stress analysis and fracture mechanisms of advanced fiber reinforced composite
Investigation of the reinforcement of ductule metals with strong, high modulus discontinuous, brittle fibers Quarterly report, 1 May - 1 Aug. 1968
Factors affecting tensile strength of ductile metals reinforced with short, brittle fiber
Eighteen Is Not a Magic Number: Why the Eighth Amendment Requires Protection for Youth Aged Eighteen to Twenty-Five
The Eighth Amendment protects a criminal defendant’s right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. This Note argues that any punishment of eighteen- to twenty-five-year-olds is cruel and unusual without considering their youthfulness at every stage of the criminal process, and that it is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment for these youths to be automatically treated as fully-developed adults. This Note will explore in depth how juveniles differ from adults, both socially and scientifically, and how the criminal justice system fails every youth aged eighteen- to twenty-five by subjecting them to criminal, rather than juvenile, court without considering their youthfulness and diminished capacity. This Note proposes three reforms that, implemented together, aim to remedy this Eighth Amendment violation. First, the Supreme Court should apply the seminal cases of Miller, Roper, and Graham to eighteen- to twenty-five-year-olds. Second, all states should extend the age of juvenile jurisdiction to twenty-five, processing offenders twenty-five and younger through the juvenile system accordingly. Finally, every actor in the system—including courts, lawyers, and legislatures—should label eighteen- to twenty-five-year-olds as “youth” and consider their age at every stage of the criminal system
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