A simple quantum cosmology

A simple and surprisingly realistic model of the origin of the universe can be developed using the Friedmann equation from general relativity, elementary quantum mechanics, and the experimental values of h, c, G and the proton mass. The model assumes there are N space dimensions (with N > 6) and the potential constraining the radius r of the invisible N -3 compact dimensions varies as r^4. In this model, the universe has zero total energy and is created from nothing. There is no initial singularity. If space-time is eleven dimensional, as required by M theory, the scalar field corresponding to the size of the compact dimensions inflates the universe by about 26 orders of magnitude (60 e-folds). If the Hubble constant is 65 km/sec Mpc, the energy density of the scalar field after inflation results in Omega-sub-Lambda = 0.68, in agreement with recent astrophysical observations.Comment: To be published in General Relativity and Gravitation, August 200

Hubungan Antara Lama Penggunaan Aspirin Dengan Nilai Agregasi Trombosit Pada Pasien Hipertensi Di Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

: The sufferer of hypertension around the world do not get medical treatment adequately. One of the hypertensive treatments is by the use of anti platelet hypertension aspirin. Aspirin on hypertension is to prevent any clinical manifestation from cardiovascular from happening. However, it could cause arterial wall hardening and decreases haemostasis ability. Test of red blood cell aggregation function is needed to monitor red blood cell function on hypertensive patient. Method: This study was analytical and employed cross sectional research design. The sample of the study were the sufferers of hypertensionfromaspirin USAge treated in polyclinic of nephrology – hypertension and heart and cardiac polyclinic of internal diseasedivision in RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Patients included in inclusion criteria were 40 to 80 years old, proven to have hypertension by doctor, hypertension by aspirin USAge, maleand female, and signed in informed consent. Result: There were 20 patients of hypertension by aspirin USAge employed as sample in this study. Result of T test and spearman\u27s correlation test showed that there is no significant correlation between aspirin USAge and the number of red blood cells\u27 aggregation (ADP 10µm p = 0,116, ADP 5µm p = 0,9). Conclusion: On hypertensive patients, there is no correlation between the period of aspirin USAge and red blood cells\u27 aggregation

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Melalui Pendekatan Contekstual Teaching Learning (CTL) Pada Siswa Kelas IV SDN Santigi

Permasalahan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah rendahnya hasil belajar IPA pada siswa SDN Santigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SDN Santigi mata pelajaran IPA melalui pendekatan Contekstual Teaching Learning (CTL). Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus yang terdiri atas perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Pembelajaran menunjukkan bahwa dengan pendekatan Contekstual Teaching learning (CTL) pelajaran IPA kelas IV SDN Santigi, mengalami peningkatan dari siklus pertama kesiklus berikutnya. Hasil penelitian pada siklus I menunjukkan perolehan nilai ketuntasan belajar klasikal sebesar 75% terdiri dari 28 siswa. Banyaknya siswa yang tuntas belajar yakni 21 orang dengan persentase daya serap klasikal 75,36% dengan demikian indikator keberhasilan belum tercapai. Penelitian dilanjutkan pada siklus II, menunjukkan perolehan ketuntasan belajar klasikal mencapai 92,86% dan daya serap klasikal 86,07%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan pendekatan Contekstual Teaching Learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SDN Santigi tahun pelajaran 2014-2015 pada materi struktur tumbuhan dan fungsinya pada mata pelajaran IPA

Hubungan Antara Derajat Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Dengan Nilai Agregasi Trombosit Di Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

Chronic kidney disease has got a lot of attention and more widely studied despite reached end stage renal failure, patients still live a long life witha fairly good quality of life although the prevalence is increases throughout the year. one of the circumstances in chronic kidney disease is uremia which is a clinical and laboratory syndrome that occurs inorgans. In uremia interference with platelet function, the production ofprostacyclinin blood vesselswould increase, and excessurea levels in blood would be a potential vasodilator and platelet aggregation antagonist. Methods: An analytic observational cross-sectional study. Samples were patients that diagnosed with chronic kidney disease at the Hospital Clinic of Nephrology-Hypertension Prof. Dr.R. D.Kandou Manado in December toFebruary 2014. Criteria included were patients <80 years old and has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease in this case had done a physical examination and investigations by doctors, using medical record of urea-creatinine and also a complete blood countand platelet aggregation in Prokita Laboratory Manado. Forstatistical analysisusedShapiro-Wilk testalsoPearsonCorrelationstest. Result: There were 20 patients with chronic kidney disease sampled in this study. It was found that there is a relationship between of urea-creatinine and aggregation results in trace ADP5(P=0.004) while the value ADP10 no significant correlation(P =0.399). Conclusion: In chronic kidney disease patients, urea-creatininewiththe value of platelet aggregation intrace ADP5had a relation ship while intrace ADP10 had not a relationship

Gambaran Kadar Kreatinin Serum Pada Pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Stadium 5 Non Dialisis

: Chronic kidney disease is a pathophysiology process with various etiology, causing a progressive decline on kidney function, and in general ends with kidney failure (stage 5). For the last forty years, creatinine serum had been the most common and affordable detection serum to measure kidney performance. The amount of creatinine serum is increased on non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Approximately, 57% of non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients have 7-12 mg/dL creatinine level. Research objective: To understand the description of creatinine serum level on non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Research method: Cross sectional descriptive, to obtain the data of creatinine serum on non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients carried out on December 2015 – January 2016 at two hospitals, which are RSUP. Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado and Rumah Sakit Advent Manado. The research sample were the blood sample from 35 people suffering a stage five non dialysis chronic kidney disease, which determined by consecutive sampling from non-probability sampling model. Result: Based on the laboratory result, the 35 patients diagnosed with a stage five non dialysis chronic kidney disease are undergoing an increase on creatinine serum (100%). Conclusion: Based on the research result, it can be concluded that the increase of creatinine level is occurred on stage five non dialysis chronic kidney disease patients

Gambaran Kadar Kalium Serum Pada Pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Stadium 5 Non Dialisis Di Manado

: Potassium is the main intracellular ion in the body and plays a key role in maintaining cell function. Total body potassium distributed 98% in intracellular and 2% in extracellular fluid. A slight change in the distribution of these can cause hypokalemia or hyperkalemia. A healthy kidney has great capacity to maintain potassium homeostasis in the cace of excess potassium. The kidney is primarily responsible for maintaining total body potassium content by matching potassium intake with potassium excretion. This study aimed to obtain the profile of potassium serum in non dialysis CKD stage 5 patients in Manado. This was an obsevartional descriptive study. There were 35 blood samples obtained from patients in Nephrology-Hypertension Polyclinic and IRINA of Prof. Dr. R.D Kandou Hospital and Teling Adventist Hospital. There were 11 samples (31,4%) with hypokalemia consisted of 6 home-care patients (35.3%) and 5 hospital-care patients (27.8%), 15 samples (42.9%) were in normal range consisted of 8 home-care patients (47.1%) and 7 hospital-care patients (38.9%), and 9 samples (25.7%) with hyperkalemia consisted of 3 home-care patients (17.6%) and 6 hospital-care patients (33,3%) from total non-dialysis CKD stage 5 samples resulted from laboratory examination. Conclusion: In non dialysis CKD stage 5 patients in Manado, normokalemia was the most common found than hypokalemia and hyperkalemia

Gambaran Berat Jenis Urin Pada Pasien Tuberkulosis Paru Dewasa Di Rsup Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Drugs that given to the TB patients such as isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin, and rifampicin. Rifampicin and streptomycin can damage the kidneys and can changes in the urine specific gravity. This study aims to describe the specific gravity of urine in adult pulmonary TB patients in the department of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. This research uses descriptive observational method by means of random consecutive sampling to obtain data on the weight of the urine in adult pulmonary TB patients conducted in October-November 2016 in the department Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. The sample used is a urine sample from pulmonary TB patient with inclusion criteria. The result of urine specific gravity test that obtained from 30 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 27 patients (90%) with the results of 1010-1025, 1 patient (3.33%) with the results of the urine specific gravity ≤1.005, and 2 patients with the results of the urine specific gravity ≥ 1030. outpatients have an average urine specific gravity higher than inpatients. Overview urine specific gravity in this study largely still in the normal range

Gambaran Kadar Serum Magnesium Pada Pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronik Stadium 5 Non Dialisis Di Manado

: Magnesium is a metal, one of the eight most abundant element in universe. Magnesium also is a mineral that responsible for bone metabolism control, neural transmission, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular conduction, muscular contraction, vasomotor, and blood pressure. In chronic kidney disease stage 4-5, compensation mechanism become inadequate that caused a hypermagnesemia. Objectives: This study aimed to know the picture of magnesium serum in non dialysis CKD stage 5 in Manado. Material Methods: This is a descriptive study, conducted by selecting 35 blood samples in Nephrology-Hypertension Polyclinic and IRINA of Interna of Prof. Dr. R.D Kandou Hospital and Teling Adventist Hospital. Result: There are 16 samples (45.7%) experience hypomagnesemia consisted of 8 home-care patient (22.9%) and 8 hospital-care patient (22.9%), 10 samples (28.6%) are in normal range consisted of 3 home-care patient (8.6%) and 7 hospital-care patient (20.0%), and 9 samples (25.7%) are experience hypermagnesemia consisted of 6 home-care patient (17.1%) and 3 hospital-care patient (8.6%) from total non dialysis CKD stage 5 samples result from laboratory examination. Conclusion: Patient with hypomagnesemia most frekuent than patient with hypermagnesemia