The Seasonal Nutritional Value of Kikuyu Oversown With Ryegrass and Clover

To overcome the seasonality and relatively low forage quality of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum spp.), perennial white (Trifolium repens) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) can be incorporated into an existing kikuyu stand to improve pasture quality and spring production. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of kikuyu (K), kikuyu oversown with annual ryegrass (KR), kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and perennial white and red clover (KRC) and kikuyu oversown with a mixture of white and red clover (KC), in swards grazed by dairy cows

The Seasonal Dry Matter Production and Carrying Capacity of Kikuyu Oversown With Ryegrass and Clover

In the main milk producing areas of the Southern Cape, kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) is considered an important summer and autumn pasture which is climatologically well adapted. The main problem experienced with kikuyu is that winter and spring production is low and the exclusion of legumes make it dependent of nitrogen fertiliser and that increases the input cost. The aim of the study was to quantify the seasonal dry matter (DM) yield and carrying capacity of kikuyu (K) through treatments involving kikuyu oversown with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum spp.) (KR), kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) and perennial white (Trifolium repens) and red (Trifolium pratense) clovers (KRC) and kikuyu oversown with a mixture of only perennial white and red clovers (KC)

The Evaluation of Kikuyu Oversown With Ryegrass and Clover in Terms of Milk Production

Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) comprises the greater part of irrigated summer and autumn pasturage for milk production in the Southern Cape. Milk production per cow is limited by low forage quality. The aim of the study was to determine the milk production from kikuyu (K), kikuyu oversown with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum spp. cv Energa) (KR), kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv Yatsyn, Dobson) and perennial white clover (Trifolium repens cv Haifa, Waverley) and red clover (Trifolium pratense cv Kenland, Cherokee) (KRC) and kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial white and red clover (KC). The trial was carried out under irrigation using Jersey cows in a put-and-take grazing system. Fertiliser was applied to raise phosphorus level to 35 mg/kg, potash level to 80 mg/kg and the pH (KCl) to 5.5. No nitrogen fertiliser was applied to the KC and KRC pastures

The Seasonal Botanical Composition, Calcium and Phosphorus Content of Kikuyu Oversown With Ryegrass and Clover

Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) is one of the major grasses used for summer and autumn grazing in the Southern Cape coast area of South Africa. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum spp.), perennial white (Trifolium repens) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) can be incorporated into an existing kikuyu stand to improve pasture quality and spring production. The aim of this study was to determine the persistence of these species and effects on the calcium and phosphorus content of kikuyu (K), kikuyu oversown with annual ryegrass (KR), kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) and perennial white and red clovers (KRC) and kikuyu oversown with a mixture of perennial white and red clovers (KC)

The effect of concentrate supplementation on the productivity of grazing Jersey cows on a pasture based system

The effect of concentrate feeding on milk production, milk composition, live weight, condition score and intercalving period of 60 Jersey cows grazing high quality pastures over two lactations was determined. Cows were fed at a no (NC), low (LC), medium (MC) or high (HC) level of concentrate. All cows received a mineral supplement of 300 g/day. The LC, MC and HC groups were fed an energy concentrate at 3, 6 and 9 kg/day, respectively from day 1 to day 150 of lactation followed by 1.5, 3 and 4.5 kg of energy concentrate per day from day 151 to day 300 of lactation. The energy concentrate consisted of 10.6% whole cottonseed, 42.1% rolled maize, 42.1% rolled wheat, 4.2% molasses, 0.5% feedlime and 0.5% salt on a dry matter (DM) basis. A protein concentrate consisting of 76.5% cotton oil cake and 23.5% fish meal was fed at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 kg per day to the LC, MC and HC group respectively from days 1 to 105 of lactation. The lactating cows grazed pasture allocated at 20 kg DM/cow/ day consisting of 43% perennial ryegrass/clover, 24% annual ryegrass/oats, 14% lucerne, 15% kikuyu and 4% other pastures during the experimental period. The fat corrected milk (FCM) production per lactation of cows fed NC (0 kg/day), LC (2.4 kg/day), MC (4.8 kg/day) and HC (7.2 kg/day) was 3741, 4645, 4868 and 5282 kg (s.e.m. = 146), respectively. Cows fed the high level of concentrate (HC) produced significantly more FCM and butterfat than cows on the other treatments. The FCM production of cows on the LC and MC treatments did not differ from each other and both produced more FCM than the control treatment. Cows produced 1.25, 0.78 and 0.54 L of FCM for each kg of concentrate fed at the LC, MC, and HC levels of concentrate feeding over two lactations. Concentrate feeding had no significant effect on milk composition, live weight and intercalving period of cows. The condition score of cows improved as the level of concentrate feeding increased. South African Journal of Animal Science Vol. 36(2) 2006: 105-11

Psychological distress and unsatisfied need for psychosocial support in adolescent and young adult cancer patients during the first year following diagnosis

Purpose Identifying at‐risk adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients and referring them to age‐appropriate psychosocial support services may be instrumental in reducing psychological distress and promoting psychosocial adaptation. The purpose of this study is to identify trajectories of clinically significant levels of distress throughout the first year following diagnosis and to distinguish factors, including supportive care service use, that predict the extent to which AYAs report distress. Methods In this prospective multisite study, 215 AYAs aged 15–39 years were assessed for psychological distress and psychosocial support service use within the first 4 months of diagnosis and again 6 and 12 months later. On the basis of distress scores, respondents were assigned to one of four distress trajectory groups (Resilient, Recovery, Delayed, and Chronic). Multiple logistic regression analyses examined whether demographics, clinical variables, and reports of unsatisfied need for psychosocial support were associated with distress trajectories over 1 year. Results Twelve percent of AYAs reported clinically significant chronic distress throughout the first 12 months following diagnosis. An additional 15% reported delayed distress. Substantial proportions of AYAs reported that needs for information (57%), counseling (41%), and practical support (39%) remained unsatisfied at 12 months following diagnosis. Not getting counseling needs met, particularly with regard to professional mental health services, was observed to be significantly associated with distress over time. Conclusions Substantial proportions of AYAs are not utilizing psychosocial support services. Findings suggest the importance of identifying psychologically distressed AYAs and addressing their needs for mental health counseling throughout a continuum of care. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109318/1/pon3533.pd