Multipartite quantum correlations: symplectic and algebraic geometry approach

We review a geometric approach to classification and examination of quantum correlations in composite systems. Since quantum information tasks are usually achieved by manipulating spin and alike systems or, in general, systems with a finite number of energy levels, classification problems are usually treated in frames of linear algebra. We proposed to shift the attention to a geometric description. Treating consistently quantum states as points of a projective space rather than as vectors in a Hilbert space we were able to apply powerful methods of differential, symplectic and algebraic geometry to attack the problem of equivalence of states with respect to the strength of correlations, or, in other words, to classify them from this point of view. Such classifications are interpreted as identification of states with `the same correlations properties' i.e. ones that can be used for the same information purposes, or, from yet another point of view, states that can be mutually transformed one to another by specific, experimentally accessible operations. It is clear that the latter characterization answers the fundamental question `what can be transformed into what \textit{via} available means?'. Exactly such an interpretations, i.e, in terms of mutual transformability can be clearly formulated in terms of actions of specific groups on the space of states and is the starting point for the proposed methods.Comment: 29 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, final form submitted to the journa

Spin crossover in CuxCoyCrzSe4 semiconductors

Magnetization and magnetic susceptibility measured in the zero-field-cooled mode were used to study the spin crossover transition in polycrystalline CuxCoyCrzSe4 compounds. With increasing Co content a transition from ferromagnetic order via ferrimagnetic one to antiferromagnetic-like behaviour was observed. This transition is accompanied with a lowering symmetry from cubic to monoclinic and for the latter the spin crossover phenomenon occurs. These results are considered in a framework of the ligand–field split and the spin–orbit coupling

Air temperature changes in Toruń (central Poland) from 1871 to 2010

The article presents a detailed analysis of changes in air temperature in Toruń in the period 1871–2010 on the basis of homogenised monthly, seasonal and annual air temperature series which have been newly constructed (i.e. extended by the 50 years of 1871–1920). Over the 140-year study period, a sizeable and statistically significant increase of 0.1 °C per decade was found in the air temperature in Toruń. The greatest increases occurred for spring and winter, at 0.12 and 0.11 °C, respectively. A lesser warming, meanwhile, was recorded for autumn (0.10 °C/10 years), and particularly for summer (0.07 °C/10 years). The air temperature trends are statistically significant for all seasons. Air temperature differences between the monthly averages of three analysed subperiods (1871–1900, 1901–1950 and 1951–2010) and averages for the entire period under review rarely exceeded ± 0.5 °C. In all of these periods, the highest average air temperatures occurred in July and the lowest in January. The period of 1981–2010 had the highest frequency of occurrence of very and extremely warm seasons and years. Meanwhile, the highest frequency of very and extremely cool seasons and years was recorded in the 1940s and in the nineteenth century. In the period of 1871–2010, winters shortened markedly (by 7%) and summers lengthened by 3.8%. All of the presented aspects of air temperature in Toruń, which is representative of the climate of central Poland, are in close agreement with the findings of analogous studies of the same for other areas of Poland and Central Europe

The Mössbauer and X-Ray Studies οf the Spinel Ferrites Cu0.5Fe0.5Cr2Se4Cu_{0.5}Fe_{0.5}Cr_2Se_4 and Cu0.2Fe0.8Cr2Se4Cu_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}Cr_2Se_4 Prepared by the Ceramic Method

Seleno-spinels with nominal chemical composition $Cu_{0.5}Fe_{0.5}Cr_2Se_4$ and $Cu_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}Cr_2Se_4$ were prepared as polycrystalline samples using ceramic method. The assumed composition was verified by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The X-ray analysis was carried out in order to make phase analysis and to compare its results with those obtained with the Mössbauer spectroscopy

High Spin-Low Spin Transitions in Cu0.2Co0.76Cr1.83Se4Cu_{0.2}Co_{0.76}Cr_{1.83}Se_4 Semiconductor

Magnetization, ac and dc magnetic susceptibility measured in the zero-field-cooled mode were used to study the high spin-low spin transitions in polycrystalline $Cu_{0.2}Co_{0.76}Cr_{1.83}Se_4$ semiconductor. The real part component of fundamental susceptibility $χ_1^\prime$ (T) and its second $(χ_2)$ and third $(χ_3)$ harmonics revealed two spectacular peaks at 128 K and at 147 K, confirming the appearance of the spin-crossover phenomenon

High Spin-Low Spin Transitions in Cu 0.2

Magnetization, ac and dc magnetic susceptibility measured in the zero-field-cooled mode were used to study the high spin-low spin transitions in polycrystalline $Cu_{0.2}Co_{0.76}Cr_{1.83}Se_4$ semiconductor. The real part component of fundamental susceptibility $χ_1^\prime$ (T) and its second $(χ_2)$ and third $(χ_3)$ harmonics revealed two spectacular peaks at 128 K and at 147 K, confirming the appearance of the spin-crossover phenomenon

The Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Analytical Investigations οf the Polycrystalline Compounds with General Formula Zn x

We present combined X-ray powder diffraction and Mössbauer $\text{}^{119}Sn$ studies of polycrystalline compounds with a general formula $Zn_xSn_yCr_zSe_4$ (where x+y+z ≈3). The obtained single-phase compounds crystallize in the spinel cubic structure - Fd3m. Tin ions are found to occupy both tetrahedral and octahedral sublattices. On the contrary to the strong tetrahedral site preference energy of Sn, the presented data strongly suggest that the increase in lattice parameters with Sn doping is caused by Sn ions that incorporated into octahedral positions. A quadrupole and isomer shifts of $\text{}^{119}Sn$ in $(SnSe_4)^{6-}$ and $(SnSe_6)^{4-}$ are also reported

The Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Analytical Investigations οf the Polycrystalline Compounds with General Formula ZnxSnyCrzSe4Zn_xSn_yCr_zSe_4

We present combined X-ray powder diffraction and Mössbauer $\text{}^{119}Sn$ studies of polycrystalline compounds with a general formula $Zn_xSn_yCr_zSe_4$ (where x+y+z ≈3). The obtained single-phase compounds crystallize in the spinel cubic structure - Fd3m. Tin ions are found to occupy both tetrahedral and octahedral sublattices. On the contrary to the strong tetrahedral site preference energy of Sn, the presented data strongly suggest that the increase in lattice parameters with Sn doping is caused by Sn ions that incorporated into octahedral positions. A quadrupole and isomer shifts of $\text{}^{119}Sn$ in $(SnSe_4)^{6-}$ and $(SnSe_6)^{4-}$ are also reported

Electrical and Magnetic Studies of ZnxMnyCrzSe4Zn_{x}Mn_{y}Cr_{z}Se_{4} p-Type Semiconductors

The structural, electrical and magnetic investigations carried out on the $Zn_{x}Mn_{y}Cr_{z}Se_{4}$ polycrystals with y = 0.19, 0.29 and 0.38 revealed the spinel structure with the Mn ions occupying tetrahedral sites, p-type conduction with polaronic transport at high temperatures and antiferromagnetic order with a Néel temperature of 20 K and a Curie-Weiss temperature of 103 K. With increasing Mn content in a sample both the effective magnetic moment and the re-entrant temperature increase while the first and second critical fields connected with a metamagnetic transition and the breakdown of the conical spin arrangement decrease, respectively. These results are interpreted in terms of giant cubic anisotropy as well as an effect of Mn impurities on the screw structure of $ZnCr_{2}Se_{4}$