Indirect essences and meanings of architectural competitions / Netiesioginės architektūros konkursų esmės ir prasmės

In order to understand the significance and fullscale phenomenon of architectural competitions, it is not only necessary to analyze their direct goals, processes and material outcome, but also multisided indirect impact on the whole artistic field of architecture. In order to structure the whole of generally accepted insights on this issue, the theoretical model of artistic fields (champs) by Pierre Bourdieu has been selected. After analyzing the essential main points, meaning and examples of the indirect effect of competition system, the situation of competitions in Lithuania is reviewed in this aspect, identifying its peculiarities, significance and possible threats. Santrauka Norint suprasti architektūros konkursų fenomeno reikšmę ir mastą, būtina nagrinėti ne tik tiesioginius jų tikslus, procesą ir materialų rezultatą, bet ir įvairiapusį netiesioginį poveikį visam architektūros meno laukui. Siekiant struktūrizuoti visuotinai pripažintų įžvalgų šiuo klausimu visumą, pasirinktas P. Bourdieu meno laukų (champs) teorinis modelis. Išanalizavus esmines netiesioginės konkursų sistemos veikimo esmes, prasmes ir pavyzdžius, apžvelgiama Lietuvos konkursų situacija šiuo požiūriu, įvardinami ypatumai, reikšmė ir galimos grėsmės. Reikšminiai žodžiai: architektūros konkursai, nematerialioji prasmė, meninis laukas, simbolinis kapitalas, profesinis meistriškuma

Institutional fragmentation and urbanization in European Union cities

The relationship between institutional fragmentation and the spatial extent of cities in Europe's functional urban areas is examined. European Union planning regulations vary across member states, but in most cases local authorities determine land use within the more general regulatory frameworks set by national or subnational authorities. More decentralized and fragmented settings may favour urban sprawl, allowing developers to avoid land-use restrictions in one municipality by moving to adjacent ones and providing incentives for municipalities to adopt less strict land-conversion regulations to attract households and workers. The empirical results fully support this hypothesis and unveil significant differences between small and large cities, the effect of governance fragmentation being a substantial factor in the latter case