141 research outputs found
Analysis of preconditioners for saddle-point problems
Mixed finite element formulations give rise to large, sparse, block linear systems of equations the solution of which is often sought via a preconditioned iterative technique. In this work we present a general analysis of block-preconditioners based on the stability conditions inherited from the formulation of the finite element method (the Babuska-Brezzi, or inf-sup conditions)
Preconditioning the Advection-Diffusion Equation: the Green's Function Approach
We look at the relationship between efficient preconditioners (i.e., good approximations to the discrete inverse operator) and the generalized inverse for the (continuous) advection-diffusion operator -- the Green's function. We find that the continuous Green's function exhibits two important properties -- directionality and rapid downwind decay -- which are preserved by the discrete (grid) Green's functions, if and only if the discretization used produces non-oscillatory solutions. In particular, the downwind decay ensures the locality of the grid Green's functions. Hence, a finite element formulation which produces a good solution will typically use a coefficient matrix with almost lower triangular structure under a "with-the-flow" numbering of the variables. It follows that the block Gauss-Seidel matrix is a first candidate for a preconditioner to use with an iterative solver of Krylov subspace type
Schur complement preconditioning for elliptic systems of partial differential equations
One successful approach in the design of solution methods for saddle-point problems requires the efficient solution of the associated Schur complement problem. In the case of problems arising from partial differential equations the factorization of the symbol of the operator can often suggest useful approximations for this problem. In this work we examine examples of preconditioners for regular elliptic systems of partial differential equations based on the Schur complement of the symbol of the operator and highlight the possibilities and some of the difficulties one may encounter with this approach
A preconditioner for the 3D Oseen equations
We describe a preconditioner for the linearised incompressible Navier-Stokes equations (the Oseen equations) which requires as components only a preconditioner/solver for each of a discrete Laplacian and a discrete advection-diffusion operator. With this preconditioner, convergence of an iterative method such as GMRES is independent of the mesh size and depends only mildly on the viscosity parameter (the inverse Reynolds number). Thus when the component preconditioner/solvers are effective on their respective subproblems (as one expects with an appropriate multigrid cycle for instance) a fast Oseen solver results
Modelling the Fluid Mechanics of Cilia and Flagella in Reproduction and Development
Cilia and flagella are actively bending slender organelles, performing
functions such as motility, feeding and embryonic symmetry breaking. We review
the mechanics of viscous-dominated microscale flow, including time-reversal
symmetry, drag anisotropy of slender bodies, and wall effects. We focus on the
fundamental force singularity, higher order multipoles, and the method of
images, providing physical insight and forming a basis for computational
approaches. Two biological problems are then considered in more detail: (1)
left-right symmetry breaking flow in the node, a microscopic structure in
developing vertebrate embryos, and (2) motility of microswimmers through
non-Newtonian fluids. Our model of the embryonic node reveals how particle
transport associated with morphogenesis is modulated by the gradual emergence
of cilium posterior tilt. Our model of swimming makes use of force
distributions within a body-conforming finite element framework, allowing the
solution of nonlinear inertialess Carreau flow. We find that a three-sphere
model swimmer and a model sperm are similarly affected by shear-thinning; in
both cases swimming due to a prescribed beat is enhanced by shear-thinning,
with optimal Deborah number around 0.8. The sperm exhibits an almost perfect
linear relationship between velocity and the logarithm of the ratio of zero to
infinite shear viscosity, with shear-thickening hindering cell progress.Comment: 20 pages, 24 figure
Validation of a cyclic plasticity computational method using fatigue full-field deformation measurements
The evolution of crack tip displacement and strain fields during uniaxial, room temperature, low-cycle fatigue experiments of Nickel superalloy compact tension specimens was measured by a digital image correlation approach and was further used to validate a cyclic plasticity model and corresponding deformation calculations made by a finite elements methodology. The experimental results provided data trends for the opening displacements and near crack tip strains as function of cycles. A finite element model was developed to capture test conditions for a measured crack size. The model captures crack tip plasticity by using a constitutive model calibrated against stress-strain measurements performed on a round bar. Similar quantities were extracted from the model predictions to compare with the digital image correlation measurements for model validation purposes. This type of direct comparison demonstrated that the computational model was capable to adequately capture the crack opening displacements at various stages of the specimen's fatigue life, providing in this way a tool for quantitative cyclic plasticity model validation. In addition, this integrated experimental-computational approach provides a framework to accelerate our understanding related to interactions of fatigue test data and models, as well as ways to inform one another
EQUIPT: protocol of a comparative effectiveness research study evaluating cross-context transferability of economic evidence on tobacco control
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Tobacco smoking claims 700β
000 lives every year in Europe and the cost of tobacco smoking in the EU is estimated between β¬98 and β¬130 billion annually; direct medical care costs and indirect costs such as workday losses each represent half of this amount. Policymakers all across Europe are in need of bespoke information on the economic and wider returns of investing in evidence-based tobacco control, including smoking cessation agendas. EQUIPT is designed to test the transferability of one such economic evidence base-the English Tobacco Return on Investment (ROI) tool-to other EU member states
Π ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ
Center of Healthy for Youth, National College of Medicine and Pharmacy Neovita, Center for Continuing Medical Education for Medical and Pharmaceutical Secondary Staff,
Congresul III al Medicilor de Familie din Republica Moldova, 17β18 mai, 2012, ChiΕinΔu, Republica Moldova, ConferinΕ£a NaΕ£ionalΔ βMaladii bronhoobstructive la copiiβ, consacratΔ profesorului universitar, doctor habilitat Victor GheΕ£eul, 27 aprilie, ChiΕinΔu, Republica MoldovaCommunication in medicine should not be viewed as a common object, understood by itself. There is a difference between unconscious and intentional
communication. The necessity to improve communication with the patient comes from the gaps that persist in the communication abilities of family
nurses. All nurse-patient interactions are influenced by the expectations that both parties have.ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π³ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π² Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅, ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½
ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Center for Continuing Medical Education of Medical and Pharmaceutical Personnel with secundary education, Congresul III al Medicilor de Familie din Republica Moldova 17β18 mai, 2012, ChiΕinΔu, Republica MoldovaInteractive learning is not opposed to classical learning, but it is a new quality of the objectives pursued by the formation of personality. Active
and creative work is based on the student aimed at his reflection on his identity, the learning needs and expectations by testing in accordance with the
particular educational and cognitive possibilities, practical and intellectual and physical effort. Metacognition involves analyzing the degree of difficulty
of learning tasks and strategies for achieving them effectively. Lifelong learning β a goal of postmodern education β must be interactive and creative in
adopting strategies to seek involvement, conscious learning and interest in continuous improvement.
ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΡΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ β ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
GEOMETRIC PROCESSING OF VERY HIGH-RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY: QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR 3D MAPPING NEEDS
In recent decades, the geospatial domain has benefitted from technological advances in sensors, methodologies, and processing tools to expand capabilities in mapping applications. Airborne techniques (LiDAR and aerial photogrammetry) generally provide most of the data used for this purpose. However, despite the relevant accuracy of these technologies and the high spatial resolution of airborne data, updates are not sufficiently regular due to significant flight costs and logistics. New possibilities to fill this information gap have emerged with the advent of Very High Resolution (VHR) optical satellite images in the early 2000s. In addition to the high temporal resolution of the cost-effective datasets and their sub-meter geometric resolutions, the synoptic coverage is an unprecedented opportunity for mapping remote areas, multi-temporal analyses, updating datasets and disaster management. For all these reasons, VHR satellite imagery is clearly a relevant study for National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies (NMCAs). This work, supported by EuroSDR, summarises a series of experimental analyses carried out over diverse landscapes to explore the potential of VHR imagery for large-scale mapping
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