Pulsed field gel electrophoresis of chromosomal bacterial DNA in the investigation of infectious endophthalmitis

Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ophthalmol, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Infect Dis, Special Lab Clin Microbiol, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ophthalmol, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Infect Dis, Special Lab Clin Microbiol, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Prova tuberculínica, BCG oral e infecção tuberculosa em crianças menores de 5 anos Tuberculin test, oral BCG vaccine, and tuberculosis infection among children under five years of age

São relatados os resultados das provas tuberculínicas com PPD Rt23, 2 UT, em crianças menores de um ano e de um a 4 anos, matriculadas na Clínica Pediátrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 1971 a 1975. Em 665 crianças menores de um ano encontrou-se 3,15% de reatores fracos e 6,62% de reatores fortes e em 1.298 crianças de um a 4 anos, 0,69% de reatores fracos e 5,5% de reatores fortes. Nas mesmas crianças, foram estudadas as relações entre vacinação BCG oral prévia e positividade à prova tuberculínica nos 2 grupos etários considerados e nos quais se obteve a informação de vacinação anterior com BCG oral. Em 575 crianças menores de um ano e 1.113 de um a 4 anos encontrou-se associação positiva entre vacinação BCG oral prévia e positividade à prova tuberculínica. Analisando a relação entre o número de doses de BCG oral prévio e o resultado das provas tuberculínicas pelo método de Goodman, verificou-se que a proporção de crianças que tinham tomado 3 doses e mais de BCG oral e que apresentaram reação forte à prova tuberculínica é significantemente maior que a observada para os não reatores, fato esse não verificado para o grupo de um a 4 anos. Nas crianças que tomaram uma ou duas doses não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes.<br>Results of tuberculin reaction from PPD Rt 23, 2UT are reported on children under one year of age and children from one to four years of age who were registered in the Pediatric Clinics of the Hospital das Clinicas of the College of Medicine of the State University of São Paulo. The study was carried out from 1971 through 1975. In a group of 665 children under one year of age, 3.15% were weak reactors while 6.62% were strong reactors, and, in a group of 1298 children between one to four years of age, 0.69% were weak reactors while 5.5% were strong reactors. The relationship between prior BCG oral vaccination and positivation to the tuberculin test in the two age groups was studied, thus obtaining information about the previous oral BCG vaccination. Likewise, in 575 children under one year of age and 1113 children one to four years of age, a positive relationship between the previous oral administration of BCG and the positivation to the tuberculin test was found. In analyzing the relationship between the number of doses of previous oral BCG administration and the results of the tuberculin test by the Goodman method, it was found that the proportion of children who had taken three or more doses of BCG by oral administration and showed strong reaction to the tuberculin test is significantly greater than that observed for the non-reactors, a fact which does not hold true for the one to four age group. For the children who had taken one or two doses there was no significant statistical difference

The effects of the subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab (Avastin®) on angiogenesis in the rat cornea

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of the subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab (Avastin®) on angiogenesis in the rat cornea. Corneas of 20 Wistar male rats were cauterized with silver nitrate crystal. Animals were divided in four groups: control group (GC) that received subconjunctivally 0.02 ml of 0.9% saline solution on the day of the lesion; group GO that received subconjunctivally 0.02 ml of bevacizumab just after the lesion; group G3 that received bevacizumab on day 3 and group G5 that received bevacizumab on day 5 after lesion. Animals were euthanized on day 7. The newly formed vessels were quantified after China Ink perfusion and photographs were obtained and analyzed in a computerized system (Image Pro-Plus®). In the control group, neovascularization covered 53.56% &plusmn; 15.11 (mean &plusmn; SD) of the corneal surface, compared with 35.57% &plusmn; 18.80 (mean &plusmn; SD) in the G0 group, 30.60%&plusmn;11.82 (mean&plusmn;SD) in the G3 and 35.86%&plusmn;0.07 (mean&plusmn;SD) in the G5. The results showed an inhibition of angiogenesis when the control group was compared with all treated groups. These results suggest that subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab is able to inhibit corneal angiogenesis independently of the day of treatment.<br>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação subconjuntival de bevacizumab (Avastin®) na angiogênese corneal em ratos. Vinte ratos Wistar, machos, foram submetidos a cauterização química com cristal de nitrato de prata. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: O grupo controle (GC), recebeu injeção de 0,02 ml de solução fisiológica pela via subconjuntival no momento da lesão. O grupo G0 recebeu 0,02 ml de bevacizumab (Avastin®) imediatamente depois da lesão. O grupo G3 recebeu 0,02 ml de bevacizumab no terceiro dia após a lesão.O grupo G5 recebeu 0,02 ml de bevacizumab no quinto dia após a lesão. Os animais foram eutanasiados 7 dias após a cauterização. Os vasos neoformados foram quantificados após preenchimento do leito vascular com Tinta da China e imagens foram obtidas e analisadas em sistema computadorizado (Image Pro-Plus®). No grupo controle a neovascularização ocupou 53,56% ± 15,11 (média ± DP) da superfície corneal comparando a 35,57% ± 18,80 no grupo G0, 30,60% ± 11,82 (média ± DP) no G3 e 35,86% ± 0,07 (média ± DP) no G5. Os resultados mostram uma inibição da angiogênese quando se compara GC com os grupos tratados. Os resultados sugerem que a injeção subconjuntival de Bevacizumab é capaz de inibir a angiogênese corneal independentemente do dia de aplicação

Microbial profile and antibiotic susceptibility of culture-positive bacterial endophthalmitis

Purpose To assess the distribution of microorganisms isolated from patients with bacterial endophthalmitis and their antimicrobial susceptibility.Methods Retrospective analysis of medical and microbiological records of patients with suspected diagnosis of endophthalmitis. the following information was assessed: number of presumed and culture-positive endophthalmitis cases, source of infection, microbiological result (aqueous and/or vitreous culture and Gram staining), microbial characterization and distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility.Results A total of 107 (46%) of 231 patients with bacterial endophthalmitis showed positive results by gram stain or culture. of these, 97 (42%) patients were positive for culture only. Most of them (62%) were secondary to a surgical procedure (postoperative), 12% were posttraumatic and 26% were secondary to an unknown source or the data were unavailable. A total of 100 microorganisms were isolated (38 aqueous and 67 vitreous samples) from the 97 culture-positive cases (91% were gram-positive and 9% were gram-negative). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (48%) were the most frequently isolated, followed by Stretococcus viridans (18%), and Staphylococcus aureus (13%). the antimicrobial susceptibility for CoNS was as follows: amikacin-91.6%, cephalothin-97.9%, ceftriaxone-50%, ciprofloxacin-62.5%, chloramphenicol-91.8%, gatifloxacin-79.5%, gentamicin-72.9%, moxifloxacin-89.5%, ofloxacin-70.8%, oxacillin-58.3%, penicillin-33.3%, tobramycin-85.4%, and vancomycin-100%.Conclusion Gram-positive bacteria were the major causes of infectious endophthalmitis in this large series, usually following surgery. CoNS was the most common isolate. of interest, susceptibility to oxacillin and fourth-generation quinolones was lower than previously published. Eye (2011) 25, 382-388; doi:10.1038/eye.2010.236; published online 18 February 2011Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ophthalmol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Special Lab Clin Microbiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ophthalmol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Special Lab Clin Microbiol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc