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Observations on typing from 136 million keystrokes
We report on typing behaviour and performance of 168,000
volunteers in an online study. The large dataset allows detailed
statistical analyses of keystroking patterns, linking them
to typing performance. Besides reporting distributions and
confirming some earlier findings, we report two new findings.
First, letter pairs typed by different hands or fingers are more
predictive of typing speed than, for example, letter repetitions.
Second, rollover-typing, wherein the next key is pressed before
the previous one is released, is surprisingly prevalent. Notwithstanding
considerable variation in typing patterns, unsupervised
clustering using normalised inter-key intervals reveals
that most users can be divided into eight groups of typists that
differ in performance, accuracy, hand and finger usage, and
rollover. The code and dataset are released for scientific use
How do people type on mobile devices? Observations from a study with 37,000 volunteers
© 2019 Association for Computing Machinery. This paper presents a large-scale dataset on mobile text entry collected via a web-based transcription task performed by 37,370 volunteers. The average typing speed was 36.2 WPM with 2.3% uncorrected errors. The scale of the data enables powerful statistical analyses on the correlation between typing performance and various factors, such as demographics, finger usage, and use of intelligent text entry techniques. We report effects of age and finger usage on performance that correspond to previous studies. We also find evidence of relationships between performance and use of intelligent text entry techniques: auto-correct usage correlates positively with entry rates, whereas word prediction usage has a negative correlation. To aid further work on modeling, machine learning and design improvements in mobile text entry, we make the code and dataset openly available
Aerosol ageing in an urban plume - implication for climate
The climate effects downwind of an urban area resulting from gaseous and particulate emissions within the city are as yet inadequately quantified. The aim of this work was to estimate these effects for Malmo city in southern Sweden (population 280 000). The chemical and physical particle properties were simulated with a model for Aerosol Dynamics, gas phase CHEMistry and radiative transfer calculations (ADCHEM) following the trajectory movement from upwind of Malmo, through the urban background environment and finally tens and hundreds of kilometers downwind of Malmo. The model results were evaluated using measurements of the particle number size distribution and chemical composition. The total particle number concentration 50 km (similar to 3 h) downwind, in the center of the Malmo plume, is about 3700 cm(-3) of which the Malmo contribution is roughly 30%. Condensation of nitric acid, ammonium and to a smaller extent oxidized organic compounds formed from the emissions in Malmo increases the secondary aerosol formation with a maximum of 0.7-0.8 mu gm(-3) 6 to 18 h downwind of Malmo. The secondary mass contribution dominates over the primary soot contribution from Malmo already 3 to 4 h downwind of the emission sources and contributes to an enhanced total surface direct or indirect aerosol shortwave radiative forcing in the center of the urban plume ranging from -0.3 to -3.3 Wm(-2) depending on the distance from Malmo, and the specific cloud properties
Time-domain direct and inverse scattering for bi-anisotropic slabs at oblique incidence
Breaking the Screen: Interaction Across Touchscreen Boundaries in Virtual Reality for Mobile Knowledge Workers.
Virtual Reality (VR) has the potential to transform knowledge work. One
advantage of VR knowledge work is that it allows extending 2D displays into the
third dimension, enabling new operations, such as selecting overlapping objects
or displaying additional layers of information. On the other hand, mobile
knowledge workers often work on established mobile devices, such as tablets,
limiting interaction with those devices to a small input space. This challenge
of a constrained input space is intensified in situations when VR knowledge
work is situated in cramped environments, such as airplanes and touchdown
spaces.
In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of interacting jointly between
an immersive VR head-mounted display and a tablet within the context of
knowledge work. Specifically, we 1) design, implement and study how to interact
with information that reaches beyond a single physical touchscreen in VR; 2)
design and evaluate a set of interaction concepts; and 3) build example
applications and gather user feedback on those applications.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, ISMAR 202
Tunneling dynamics in relativistic and nonrelativistic wave equations
We obtain the solution of a relativistic wave equation and compare it with
the solution of the Schroedinger equation for a source with a sharp onset and
excitation frequencies below cut-off. A scaling of position and time reduces to
a single case all the (below cut-off) nonrelativistic solutions, but no such
simplification holds for the relativistic equation, so that qualitatively
different ``shallow'' and ``deep'' tunneling regimes may be identified
relativistically. The nonrelativistic forerunner at a position beyond the
penetration length of the asymptotic stationary wave does not tunnel;
nevertheless, it arrives at the traversal (semiclassical or
B\"uttiker-Landauer) time "tau". The corresponding relativistic forerunner is
more complex: it oscillates due to the interference between two saddle point
contributions, and may be characterized by two times for the arrival of the
maxima of lower and upper envelops. There is in addition an earlier
relativistic forerunner, right after the causal front, which does tunnel.
Within the penetration length, tunneling is more robust for the precursors of
the relativistic equation
Parental help-seeking behaviour for, and care of, a sick or injured child during the COVID-19 pandemic: a European online survey
BACKGROUND: Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic had a huge impact on patients and healthcare systems. A decline in paediatric visits to healthcare settings was observed, which might have been due to lower incidence of injury and infectious illness, changes in healthcare services and parental concern. The aim of our study was to examine parental experiences of help-seeking for, and care of, a sick or injured child during COVID-19 lockdown periods in five European countries with different healthcare systems in place. METHODS: An online survey for parents with a child with any kind or illness of injury during COVID-19 lockdowns was circulated through social media in five European countries: Italy, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Parents living in one of these countries with self-identification of a sick or injured child during COVID-19 lockdown periods were eligible to fill in the survey. Descriptive statistics were used for the level of restrictions per country, children's characteristics, family characteristics and reported help-seeking behaviour of parents prior to the lockdown and their real experience during the lockdown. The free text data was subjected to thematic analysis. RESULTS: The survey was fully completed by 598 parents, ranging from 50 to 198 parents per country, during varying lockdown periods from March 2020 until May 2022. Parents who completed the survey were not deterred from seeking medical help for their sick or injured child during the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding was comparable in five European countries with different healthcare systems in place. Thematic analysis identified three main areas: parental experiences of access to healthcare, changes in parents' help-seeking behaviours for a sick or injured child during lockdowns, and the impact of caring for a sick or injured child during the lockdowns. Parents reported limited access to non-urgent care services and were anxious about either their child or themselves catching COVID-19. CONCLUSION: This insight into parental perspectives of help-seeking behaviour and care for a sick or injured child during COVID-19 lockdowns could inform future strategies to improve access to healthcare, and to provide parents with adequate information concerning when and where to seek help and support during pandemics
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