Etiopathogenesis of non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (literature review)

The article presents an overview of modern publications on epidemiology, risk factors, and the main links of the etiology and pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The nonexudative or “dry” form of age-related macular degeneration is a multifactorial progressive pathological process caused by hereditary predisposition, general and local disorders of lipid metabolism, negative changes in  the blood supply to the eye, age-related destruction of the Bruch’s membrane and retinal pigment epithelium, the appearance of signs of local and systemic inflammation, the development of oxidative stress with the impact of toxic lipoperoxidation products on the structures of the posterior segment of the eye. Recent studies have discovered new ways of retinal pigment epithelial cell death in response to oxidative stress in AMD, in particular necroptosis, which, in addition to classical apoptosis, is considered the main mechanism of this process. It is noted that the development of AMD may be associated with an age-related decrease in the level of estrogen in women. The analysis of the data on the etiopathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration presented in the modern literature indicates the need for further research and generalization of local and general pathological processes developing in the dynamics of retinal visual function disorders by specialists of various scientific disciplines

"West"-"East" in the tatar national literature

Determining actuality and prospects of system analysis and comparing Western European and Arab - Persian prose translated and adapted into Tatar language in the period of the end of XIX- the beginning of XX centuries, summarize and identify the influence the Tatar national literature in the context of " West"-"East". It should be made the analysis and to define degree of similarity some originals with their versions in Tatar in genre aspects, architectonics and poetics of a literary text, to show the important of literary narration both in the theoretical and historic-literary scale. It is also necessary to reveal peculiarities of translation poetics, especially using of translated lexica-semantic, stylistic units. © IDOSI Publications, 2014

Features of morphological and ultrastructural organization of the cornea (literature review)

The human cornea – the anterior fibrous membrane of the eye, is a unique ordered optical-biological system that is avascular, saturated with nerve endings, includes tissue-specific cells, consists mainly of various types of collagen. An exceptional feature of the collagen layers of the cornea, including the collagen plates of the stroma, is transparency, which provides physiological refraction and light transmission due to the stable supporting properties of the cornea. The data on the morphological structure of the cornea, which is an important element of the optical system of the eye, are of considerable interest not only from theoretical, but also from practical positions. This is due to the fact that the identification of the first signs of deviation from normal physiological morphological and ultrastructural criteria in the cornea allows us to establish the nature of its pathological changes, which can be caused by both hereditary predisposition and local and general disorders. It has been shown that the thinning of the layers of the cornea, a decrease in the density of endotheliocytes or keratocytes signal the development of dystrophic processes in it. In addition to evaluating quantitative morphometric data, changes in qualitative ultrastructural indicators play an important role. In particular it was found that a decrease in the density of endothelial cells is accompanied by an increase in their size and a decrease in the cell nucleus. In addition, a number of degenerative pathological conditions are characterized by a decrease in the diameter of collagen fibrils and a change in the density of fibrillary packaging.This literature review presents basic information, features of morphology, ultrastructural organization and functional purpose of layers and cells of the human cornea

Draft of Russian Clinical Practice Guidelines «Male hypogonadism»

Hypogonadism in males, defined as a decrease in serum testosterone levels in combination with characteristic symptoms and/or signs, can be observed with pathological changes in the testicles and/or pituitary gland, such as Klinefelter’s syndrome, Kallman’s syndrome, as well as in men with metabolic (obesity, diabetes mellitus) or iatrogenic disorders leading to a decrease in androgen production. The draft guidelines cover the extensive range of pathologies that cause hypogonadism development (testosterone deficiency) and focus on its clinical variants, which make up the majority of cases of hypogonadism observed in men. The authors and reviewers are an interdisciplinary group of experts, consisting of endocrinologists, andrologists, urologists - members of the «Russian Association of Endocrinologists» and «Men’s and Reproductive Health» public organizations.Clinical guidelines contain the most reliable evidence available to experts at the time of writing. Nevertheless, recommendations cannot replace clinical experience, and deciding on the start of treatment, choosing a method of therapy, or a drug should always consider the individual characteristics of a specific patient

Semantic Labelling and Learning for Parity Game Solving in LTL Synthesis

We propose "semantic labelling" as a novel ingredient for solving games in the context of LTL synthesis. It exploits recent advances in the automata-based approach, yielding more information for each state of the generated parity game than the game graph can capture. We utilize this extra information to improve standard approaches as follows. (i) Compared to strategy improvement (SI) with random initial strategy, a more informed initialization often yields a winning strategy directly without any computation. (ii) This initialization makes SI also yield smaller solutions. (iii) While Q-learning on the game graph turns out not too efficient, Q-learning with the semantic information becomes competitive to SI. Since already the simplest heuristics achieve significant improvements the experimental results demonstrate the utility of semantic labelling. This extra information opens the door to more advanced learning approaches both for initialization and improvement of strategies

Promptness and Bounded Fairness in Concurrent and Parameterized Systems

We investigate the satisfaction of specifications in Prompt Linear Temporal Logic (Prompt-LTL) by concurrent systems. Prompt-LTL is an extension of LTL that allows to specify parametric bounds onthe satisfaction of eventualities, thus adding a quantitative aspect to the specification language. We establish a connection between bounded fairness, bounded stutter equivalence, and the satisfaction of Prompt-LTL\X formulas. Based on this connection, we prove the first cutoff results for different classes of systems with a parametric number of components and quantitative specifications, thereby identifying previously unknown decidable fragments of the parameterized model checking problem

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПЕРИОДОВ ПОДДЕРЖАНИЯ АНЕСТЕЗИИ И ПОСЛЕНАРКОЗНОГО ПРОБУЖДЕНИЯ ПРИ АНЕСТЕЗИИ НА ОСНОВЕ СЕВОФЛУРАНА И ДЕСФЛУРАНА В АМБУЛАТОРНОЙ ХИРУРГИИ

Objective: to study the specific features of sevoflurane and desflurane-based anesthetic maintenance and awakening periods in outpatient surgery. Subjects and methods. The course of intraoperative and immediate postoperative periods was analyzed in 125 patients. By using the envelope method, the patients were randomized to one of two study groups according to the mode of anesthesia: 1) desflurane-based anesthesia (n = 62); 2) sevoflurane-based anesthesia (n = 63). Results. During surgery, all group 1 patients needed mechanical ventilation to maintain adequate gas exchange. This is probably associated with the use of the fairly high dose of fentanyl, which is required to ensure adequate analgesia. With equal fresh gas streams, the consumption of desflurane doubled that of sevoflurane. The postanesthetic awakening period turned out to be equal in both groups. The length of awakening unit stay after anesthesia with desflurane proved to be shorter than after that with sevoflurane. Conclusion. Desflurane-based anesthesia is attractive when it is important to reduce the length of postoperative unit stay as far as possible. If 10–12 more minutes are uncritical to do this, sevoflurance-based anesthesia is preferable. Цель исследования: изучить особенности периодов поддержания и пробуждения при анестезии на основе севофлурана и десфлурана в амбулаторной хирургии. Материалы и методы. Анализ течения интра- и ближайшего послеоперационного периодов проведён у 125 пациентов. В зависимости от варианта анестезии пациентов в случайном порядке (метод конвертов) включали в одну из двух исследуемых групп: 1-ю группу - анестезия на основе десфлурана (n = 62); 2-ю - анестезия на основе севофлурана (n = 63). Результаты. Во время выполнения оперативного вмешательства все пациенты 1-й группы нуждались в искусственной вентиляции лёгких для поддержания адекватного газообмена. Вероятно, это связано с применением достаточно высокой дозы фентанила, необходимой для обеспечения полноценной анальгезии. При одинаковых потоках «свежего» газа расход десфлурана был более чем в 2 раза выше, чем севофлурана. Продолжительность периода посленаркозного пробуждения в обеих группах оказалась одинаковой. Время пребывания в палате пробуждения при использовании десфлурана оказалось меньше, чем севофлурана. Заключение. Анестезия на основе десфлурана привлекательна тогда, когда важно максимально сократить время пребывания пациентов в послеоперационной палате. Если для организации работы лишние 10-12 мин некритичны, лучше использовать анестезию на основе севофлурана

The advisory board resolution on the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by increasing incidence and prevalence all-over the world. Current therapeutic management of type 2 diabetes is complex and is based not only on glycemic control, but also on cardiovascular and renal risks reduction. In previous years the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) increased in Russian Federation. Some manufacturers of the most widely used GLP-1 RA reported the supply decline in several countries. On Advisory board with participation of the Russian Endocrinology Association members the topics of SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA use in type 2 diabetes were discussed. The experts made conclusion that the decrease in access to GLP-1 RA does not pose serious risk for treatment of type 2 diabetes patients. SGLT2i show benefits in risk reduction of HF and CKD progression compering to GLP-1 RA, and in general show comparable efficacy in risk reduction of ACVD outcomes.  SGLT2i show less glycemic efficacy in comparison with GLP-1 RA, and their replacement may need adding antidiabetic agents from other groups

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ НОЗОКОМИАЛЬНОЙ ПНЕВМОНИИ У ПОСТРАДАВШИХ ПРИ ПОЛИТРАВМЕ

Trauma injuries account for high mortality and disability in the cohort of the employable population. Pulmonary infectious complications in those injured with multiple traumas contribute the most to mortality of such patients. The article describes risk factors, causative agents, pathologic physiology and specific features of diagnostics of nosocomial pneumonia in those with multiple traumas. Special attention is paid to study of state and variants of the immune response to multiple trauma and related issues on using polymorphism of genes controlling the release of certain cytokines in order to improve diagnostics and prognosis of the course and outcome of nosocomial pneumonia in this group of patients. Травматические повреждения определяют высокий уровень смертности и инвалидности в когорте трудоспособного населения. Легочные инфекционные осложнения у пострадавших при политравме вносят наибольший вклад в показатели летальности у пациентов данной группы. В статье рассмотрены факторы риска, возбудители, патофизиология и особенности диагностики нозокомиальной пневмонии у пострадавших при политравме. Отдельно изучены состояние и варианты иммунного ответа организма на политравму, а также связанные с этим вопросы возможности использования данных о полиморфизме генов цитокинов для улучшения диагностики и оценки прогноза течения и исхода нозокомиальной пневмонии у пациентов данной группы.

The 4th Reactive Synthesis Competition (SYNTCOMP 2017): Benchmarks, Participants & Results

We report on the fourth reactive synthesis competition (SYNTCOMP 2017). We introduce two new benchmark classes that have been added to the SYNTCOMP library, and briefly describe the benchmark selection, evaluation scheme and the experimental setup of SYNTCOMP 2017. We present the participants of SYNTCOMP 2017, with a focus on changes with respect to the previous years and on the two completely new tools that have entered the competition. Finally, we present and analyze the results of our experimental evaluation, including a ranking of tools with respect to quantity and quality of solutions.Comment: In Proceedings SYNT 2017, arXiv:1711.10224. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1609.0050