Metoptic canal, duplication of the optic canal and Warwick’s foramen in human orbits

Purpose: The region of the optic strut can be traversed by some minor canals whose incidence and general characteristics have never been studied. As such canals could be the route for vessels that could interfere in the surgery of the orbital apex we undertook a detailed anatomical study on a vast collection of dry skulls. Basic procedures: The examination of 943 dry adult skulls and 360 foetal skulls was carried out to precise the anatomy of canals in the optic strut area, their development and relationships with the optic canal. Main findings: A canal traversing the optic strut was present in 8.54% of the orbits. Based on diameter, position within the optic strut, and thickness of the bony plate separating it from the optic canal or from the superior orbital fissure, the canals piercing the optic strut were classified in four types which include the well-known duplication of the optic canal, different aspects of the metoptic canal and a type of canal that to our knowledge has never been reported. Warwick’s foramen was found in 0.74% of orbits. Principal conclusions: The area of the optic strut is the frequent site of canals joining the orbit with the middle cranial fossa. Some of them can host the ophthalmic artery, others could be run by minor vessels which, however, could be the source of annoying bleedings in surgical procedures

Anatomic features of the intracranial and intracanalicular portions of ophthalmic artery: for the surgical procedures

WOS: 000238317600007PubMed ID: 16775743The intracranial and intracanalicular portions of the ophthalmic artery is suspectible to various diseases and injuries; therefore, knowledge of the microanatomy of the complex bony, dural, vascular, and neural relationships of this segment is necessary for proper diagnosis and preservation of the neurovascular structures during subfrontal, pterional and intracanalicular procedures. The artery was studied in 38 human adult cadaver specimens regarding origin, intracranial and intracanalicular portions for surgical approachs. The ophthalmic artery originated from the intradural portion of the internal carotid artery, except in 5% where the ophthalmic artery originated extradurally. The ophthalmic artery originated from medial of superior wall of internal carotid artery in 73.7%, from the central in 21% and the lateral in 5.3% of the specimens. The diameter of the ophthalmic artery at its origin was 2.25 +/- 0.3 mm on the right and 2.16 +/- 0.4 mm on the left. The intracranial and intracanalicular course of the artery was divided into short limb, angle "a", long limb, angle "b" and distal part to the apex of the orbit. Awareness of variations in anatomic structures is paramount importance both for diagnosis and treatment of vascular lesions of the brain

A genomic catalog of Earth’s microbiomes

The reconstruction of bacterial and archaeal genomes from shotgun metagenomes has enabled insights into the ecology and evolution of environmental and host-associated microbiomes. Here we applied this approach to >10,000 metagenomes collected from diverse habitats covering all of Earth’s continents and oceans, including metagenomes from human and animal hosts, engineered environments, and natural and agricultural soils, to capture extant microbial, metabolic and functional potential. This comprehensive catalog includes 52,515 metagenome-assembled genomes representing 12,556 novel candidate species-level operational taxonomic units spanning 135 phyla. The catalog expands the known phylogenetic diversity of bacteria and archaea by 44% and is broadly available for streamlined comparative analyses, interactive exploration, metabolic modeling and bulk download. We demonstrate the utility of this collection for understanding secondary-metabolite biosynthetic potential and for resolving thousands of new host linkages to uncultivated viruses. This resource underscores the value of genome-centric approaches for revealing genomic properties of uncultivated microorganisms that affect ecosystem processes.</p