INVESTIGATION OF NON-LINEAR MARITIME SIGNAL ESTIMATION SCHEME FOR PASSIVE ACOUSTIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC UNDERWATER TRACKING AND UNDERWATER SURVEILLANCE

Objectives:Modified Gain Extended Kalman Filter (MGEKF) created by Song and Speyer [1] was turned out to be appropriate calculation for points just detached target following applications in air.Methods:As of late, roughly altered increases are displayed, which are numerically steady and exact [2]. In this paper, this enhanced MGEKF calculation is investigated for submerged applications with a few changes.Results:In submerged, the commotion in the estimations is high, turning rate of the stages is low and speed of the stages is likewise low when contrasted and the rockets in air. These attributes of the stage are concentrated on in detail and the calculation is adjusted appropriately to track applications in submerged.Conclusions:Monte-Carlo analysis comes about for two run of the mill situations are introduced with the end goal of clarification. From the outcomes it is watched that this calculation is especially reasonable for this nonlinear edges just detached target following

Innovation ecosystems for youth agrifood entrepreneurship in the mediterranean region

This paper is the outcome of a reflection on the MIP report 2020, a collection of information and data used to describe the scenario on youth innovation and entrepreneurship in agrifood sector in Mediterranean countries. In particular, it highlights the need to study innovation in Mediterranean regions under the lens of social and institutional innovation. It is argued that social and institutional innovation are key drivers of the development of Innovation Ecosystems. The paper discusses the main findings ‒ and relevant case studies ‒ of the MIP report, with a specific attention to the role of the Innovation Support Organizations. It is noted that while in the field of institutional innovation there are signs of official activity, in the field of social innovation there is no or very limited attempt to embody social innovation into national policy frameworks. However, the article identifies interesting bottom-up initiatives that may constitute the basis for new policy initiatives

Salicylic acid pathway changes in barley plants challenged with either a biotrophic or a necrotrophic pathogen

The biotrophic Blumeria graminis (Bg) and the necrotrophic Cochliobolus sativus; (Cs) are economically important fungal pathogens of barley globally. To better understand barley mechanisms to resist these pathogens, changes in salicylic acid (SA) and its responsive genes particularly the pathogenesis related PR1, PR2, PR3 and PR5 were evaluated using qRT-PCR across four time points post infection. Data showed that SA contents significantly increased (P = 0.001) in infected plants of both resistant and susceptible genotypes 24 h post inoculation in comparison with non-infected controls. In addition, time-course tests revealed a notable contradiction in the defense-related genes expression patterns between barley and Bg and Cs interactions, showing that expression patterns of the same defense-associated genes were altered in adaptation to different pathogens. PR1 and PR2 genes were highlyactivated inresistant plants infected with the necrotrophic pathogen Cs rather than of the biotrophic one. The uniformity in barley defense response mechanisms could be in convention with the well-accepted notion that these responses are high intense in the resistant genotype. Our work provides useful information on the expected role of SA pathways in barley towards biotrophic and necroptrophic pathogens with different lifestyles

Transcriptome profile of early responsive genes in susceptible barley during Rhynchosporium secalis infection

Scald caused by Rhynchosporium secalis, is an economically important disease found worldwide. In order to profile genes and pathways responding to R. seclais infection, leaf transcriptomes before and after fungus inoculation in susceptible barley were compared using cDNA-AFLP technique. Transcriptional changes of 144 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were observed, of which 18 have no previously described function. Functional annotation of the transcripts revealed a wide range of pathways including cell wall fortification, cytoskeleton construction and metabolic processes at different time points. Furthermore, the results of RT-PCR analysis on candidate genes, ABC transporters and lycine-specific demethylase were consistent with the cDNA-AFLP data in their expression patterns. Taken together, our data suggest that susceptible barley reprograms metabolic and biological processes to initiate a suitable response R. secalis infection

Salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in relation to hydrolyte leakage in barley plants challenged with Cochliobolus sativus

Spot blotch (SB) caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Cochliobolus sativus is a destructive disease of barley worldwide. To better understand the mechanisms of resistance to this disease, the involvements of salicylic acid (SA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ion fluxes during the interaction between resistant and susceptible barley seedlings and C. sativus were investigated. Early SA accumulation in leaf tissues was accompanied with an increase in H2O2 concentration in both compatible and incompatible interactions. The resistant cultivar constitutively contained higher levels of H2O2 and SA, as well as during the 72 h as compared with the un-infected control (0 h). However, levels increased rapidly upon infection in both cultivars. Moreover, a markedly greater increase in ion fluxes from the compatible material compared with the incompatible one was observed. Results suggest that SA and H2O2 accumulation are important during both compatible and incompatible barley- C. sativus interactions

Changes in PR2 and PAL Patterns in Barley Challenged with Leaf Stripe (Pyrenophora graminea) and Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis) Diseases

The seed-borne (Pyrenophora graminea; Pg) and foliar (Blumeria graminis; Bg) are two economically important fungal pathogens of barley worldwide. Barley plant resistance genes, as the pathogenesis related proteins play an important role in defense mechanisms. This study aimed to monitor the expression of PR2 and PAL pathogenesis related genes during compatible/incompatible barley interaction with Pg and Bg at different time points of disease development using the Quantitative Real-time PCR technique (qRT-PCR). Comparison of data showed that PR2 and PAL were significantly over expressed in infected resistant and susceptible plants as against their lower expression in controls,. Upregulation of these defense-related genes during Pg and Bg infections was companied with a slow development of disease symptoms at the time course in the resistant genotype. qRT-PCR analysis revealed higher gene expression in resistant barley plants inoculated with Pg as compared with Bg, with a maximum expression for PR2 (13.8 and 5.06-fold) and PAL (14.8 and 4.51-fold) respectively, at the latest stage of each disease development. It was also noteworthy that PR2 and PAL genes, had higher constitutive expression and faster induction for the both pathogens in the resistant genotype as compared with the susceptible one. Obtained results suggest that both genes, PR2 and PAL, positively regulate Pg- and Bg-resistance in barley plants during disease progress. These expression patterns can provide useful insights to better understanding of the barley–fungus interactions with different fungal lifestyles

Changes in transcript and protein expression levels in the barley — Cochliobolus sativus interaction

Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is an important barley disease which causes extensive grain yield losses worldwide. In order to investigate the molecular responses to the C. sativus infection, leaf transcriptome and proteome before and after fungus inoculation in a resistant barley genotype, were compared using cDNA-AFLP and 2-D PAGE techniques. A notable number of transcripts and proteins exhibiting significant differential accumulations were detected compared to the non-inoculated controls. Functional annotation of the transcripts and proteins revealed a wide range of pathways including cell wall fortification, metabolism, signal transduction and defence. Spearman correlations of the relative abundances for those genes represented by both an mRNA and a protein showed a weak (rs = 0.4; P < 0.001) relationship, indicating that post-transcriptional processes play a critical role in regulating the protein level during infection. Taken together, our study suggested that a joint analysis of the transcriptomic and proteomic of barley data can provide useful insights that may not be deciphered from individual analysis of mRNA or protein expressions

Transcriptome profiling reveals distinct gene activations in barley responding to scald and spot blotch

Scald (Rhynchosporium secalis; Rs) and spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus; Cs) are important diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) worldwide. Similar mechanisms and gene transcripts are assumed to be involved in the barley defense response since both these pathogens are necrotrophic fungi. In the current study, the transcriptome in leaves of the same barley genotype WI2291 inoculated with Rs and Cs was compared at different times postinoculation. Comparison of data for barley Rs- and Cs- inoculated plants with mockinoculated plants revealed gene expression changes that included basal defense transcripts and transcripts specific to the establishment of a necrotrophic interaction with associated fungi. During barley–pathogen interaction pathway, WI2291 activated a higher number of genes and pathways in response to Rs infection than in response to Cs invasion. However, families of genes encoding pectin-degrading enzymes, secondary metabolism enzymes, transporters and peptidases are expanded to cover Rs and Cs at an early stage following inoculation. Our results demonstrate differences in the pathways and activated genes of barely cv. WI291challenged by Rs and Cs, and that expression patterns of the same defenseassociated genes were altered in adaptation to different pathogens. Our work provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms related to regulation of different pathways in response to fungal infection

Genetic diversity within local and introduced cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under Mediterranean environment as revealed by AFLP markers

Information on genetic diversity among cultivars is critical in wheat improvement. In this work, heterogeneity within local and introduced cultivars of bread wheat grown in Syria was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The eight primer pairs were used to detect 177 polymorphic bands among the 21 cultivars resulting in an average of 22.13 (57.3%) polymorphic loci per primer pair. Major allelic frequency ranged from 0.50 to 0.75 with a mean 0.64, and estimated gene diversity was 0.45. Values of average polymorphic information content (PIC) for these markers were estimated to be 0.34. This low value might be attributed to the rigorous selection pressure aimed at cultivar purity and associated breeding practices. Dissimilarity values ranged from 0.32 to 0.66 with an average of 0.54, indicating that such techniques sample distinct genome regions. Three major subgroups of wheat cultivars were identified using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means analysis (UPGMA), with all local cultivars falling into one cluster, which was confirmed by a principal component analysis (PCA). The narrow genetic diversity observed among Syrian wheat cultivars suggests the need of broadening the genetic base of wheat breeding materials, including local landraces