3 research outputs found
Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial
- Author
- Abdelhamid N.
- Abdul Rahman D.
- Abdul-Saheb M.
- Abreu P.
- Abroskina M.
- Abu Ahmad F.
- Accassat S.
- Acciaresi M.
- Adami A.
- Ahmad N.
- Ahmed F.
- Alberto Hawkes M.
- Alemseged F.
- Ali A.
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- Amaya Sanchez L. E.
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- Ameriso Sebastian F
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- Andrea Falco M.
- Andres Mackinnon F.
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- Androulakis M.
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- Angel Saredo G.
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- Publication date
- 01/01/2018
- Field of study
Background: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a contributor to embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Subgroup analyses from previous studies suggest that anticoagulation could reduce recurrent stroke compared with antiplatelet therapy. We hypothesised that anticoagulant treatment with rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, would reduce the risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke compared with aspirin among patients with PFO enrolled in the NAVIGATE ESUS trial. Methods: NAVIGATE ESUS was a double-blinded, randomised, phase 3 trial done at 459 centres in 31 countries that assessed the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban versus aspirin for secondary stroke prevention in patients with ESUS. For this prespecified subgroup analysis, cohorts with and without PFO were defined on the basis of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE). The primary efficacy outcome was time to recurrent ischaemic stroke between treatment groups. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding, according to the criteria of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. The primary analyses were based on the intention-to-treat population. Additionally, we did a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of studies in which patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO were randomly assigned to receive anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. Findings: Between Dec 23, 2014, and Sept 20, 2017, 7213 participants were enrolled and assigned to receive rivaroxaban (n=3609) or aspirin (n=3604). Patients were followed up for a mean of 11 months because of early trial termination. PFO was reported as present in 534 (7·4%) patients on the basis of either TTE or TOE. Patients with PFO assigned to receive aspirin had a recurrent ischaemic stroke rate of 4·8 events per 100 person-years compared with 2·6 events per 100 person-years in those treated with rivaroxaban. Among patients with known PFO, there was insufficient evidence to support a difference in risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke between rivaroxaban and aspirin (hazard ratio [HR] 0·54; 95% CI 0·22–1·36), and the risk was similar for those without known PFO (1·06; 0·84–1·33; pinteraction=0·18). The risks of major bleeding with rivaroxaban versus aspirin were similar in patients with PFO detected (HR 2·05; 95% CI 0·51–8·18) and in those without PFO detected (HR 2·82; 95% CI 1·69–4·70; pinteraction=0·68). The random-effects meta-analysis combined data from NAVIGATE ESUS with data from two previous trials (PICSS and CLOSE) and yielded a summary odds ratio of 0·48 (95% CI 0·24–0·96; p=0·04) for ischaemic stroke in favour of anticoagulation, without evidence of heterogeneity. Interpretation: Among patients with ESUS who have PFO, anticoagulation might reduce the risk of recurrent stroke by about half, although substantial imprecision remains. Dedicated trials of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy or PFO closure, or both, are warranted. Funding: Bayer and Janssen
Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial
- Author
- A Adami
- A Ali
- A Amelia Pinto
- A Arauz
- A Bacellar
- A Balazs
- A Baranowska
- A Barulin
- A Beinlich
- A Belkin
- A Benjamin
- A Cavallini
- A Chakrabarti
- A Chamorro
- A Corlobe
- A Csanyi
- A Czlonkowska
- A Daineko
- A Danese
- A De Havenon
- A De Pauw
- A De Smedt
- A Del Giudice
- A Dávalos
- A Favate
- A Fedin
- A Ferreira
- A Filipov
- A Firstenfeld
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- A Gomes Neto
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- A Irina Aniculaesei
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- A Katalin Iljicsov
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- Stuart J Connolly
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- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Intravenous alteplase for stroke with unknown time of onset guided by advanced imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data
- Author
- Aarnio K.
- Acosta Boris Raul
- Aegidius Karen
- Akutsu Tsugio
- Albiker Christian
- Alegiani Anna
- Alemseged F.
- Almendrote Miriam
- Alonso Angelika
- Althaus Katharina
- Althaus-Knaurer Katharina
- Amarenco Pierre
- Amiri Hemasse
- Anders Bettina
- Anderson C.
- Ang T.
- Aniculaesei Adriana
- Aoki Junya
- Appleton Jason
- Arakawa Shuji
- Archer M. L.
- Arenillas Juan
- Attia J.
- Back Christina
- Bailey P.
- Balabanski A.
- Barber A.
- Barber P. A.
- Bardutzky J. rgen
- Baronnet-Chauvet Flore
- Bathe-Peters Rouven
- Bayer-Karpinska Anna
- Becerra Juan L.
- Beck Christoph
- BelchĂ Guillamon Olga
- Bendszus Martin
- Benoit Amandine
- Berhoune Nadia
- Bernhardt J.
- Berrouschot J. rg
- Betensky Rebecca A.
- Bindila Daniela
- Birchenall Julia
- Bivard A.
- Blacker D.
- Bladin C. F.
- Bladin Christopher F.
- Blanc-Lasserre Karine
- Blanco Gonzales Miguel
- Bluhmki Erich
- Bobinger Tobias
- Bodechtel Ulf
- Bodiguel Eric
- Bojaryn Urszula
- Bonnet Louise
- Bouamra Benjamin
- Boulouis Gregoire
- Bourgeois Paul
- Boutitie Florent
- Bovi Paolo
- Breuer Lorenz
- Breynaert Ludovic
- Brodtmann A.
- Broughton David
- Brouns Raf
- Brugirard S. bastian
- Bruneel Bart
- Buggle Florian
- Bähr Christian
- Cadilhac D.
- Cakmak Serkan
- Calleja Ana
- Calvet David
- Campbell B. C. V.
- Campbell Bruce C. V.
- Carandang Raphael A.
- Carey L.
- Carrera David
- Celestino S.
- Chan L.
- Chang W. H.
- ChangI A.
- Chatellier Gilles
- Chen C. H.
- Chen C. I.
- Chen H. F.
- Chen Hsin-Chieh
- Chen T. C.
- Chen W. H.
- Chen Y. Y.
- Cheng Bastian
- Cheng C. A.
- Cheong E.
- Cheripelli Bharath
- Chiou Y. W.
- Cho Tae-Hee
- Choe Chi-un
- Choi P. M.
- Choy Lillian
- Christensen Hanne
- Chu H. J.
- Chuang C. S.
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- Churilov Leonid
- Ciatipis Mareva
- Clissold B.
- Cloud Geoffrey
- Cogez Julien
- Connelly A.
- Coote S.
- Copen William A.
- Cortijo Elisa
- Cougo Pedro
- Coulton B.
- Cove Lynda
- Cowley E.
- Cranefield J.
- Crozier Sophie
- Curtze S.
- Cutting Shawna
- D'Este C.
- Damgaard Dorte
- Dani Krishna
- Davis S. M.
- Davis Stephen
- Davis Stephen M.
- Day S.
- de Coene Beatrijs
- de Hollander Isabel
- de Keyser Jacques
- de Klippel Nina
- de Maeseneire Charlotte
- de Smedt Ann
- del Mar Castellanos Rodrigo Maria
- Deltour Sandrine
- Demeestere Jelle
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- Desfontaines Philippe
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- Doijiri Ryosuke
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- Donnan Geoffrey
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- Dorado Laura
- Drake Kendra
- Drew R.
- Druart Charlotte
- Dupont Kristina Hougaard
- Dusart Anne
- Dziewas Rainer
- Ebinger Martin
- Ebner Matthias
- Edjali-Goujon Myriam
- Egashira Yusuke
- Ehrenkrona Christina
- Eirola S.
- Eisele Philipp
- el Tawil Salwa
- Elhfnawy Ahmed
- Endres Matthias
- Enomoto Yukiko
- Eschenfelder Christoph
- Etexberria Ana
- Evans Nicholas
- Fandler Simon
- Fatar Marc
- Fazekas Franz
- Felix Sandra
- Fiebach Jochen B.
- Fiebach Jochen B.
- Fiehler Jens
- Field D.
- Filipov Alexandra
- Filipski Katharina
- Fleischmann Robert
- Foerch Christian
- Ford Andria L.
- Ford Ian
- Francisco Arenillas Juan
- Frost T.
- Fukuda-Doi Mayumi
- Furui Eisuke
- Furuta Konosuke
- Gaenslen Alexandra
- Galinovic Ivana
- Gancedo Elena Meseguer
- Ganeshan Ramanan
- Garcia-Esperon C.
- GarcĂa EsperĂłn Carlos
- Garrido Alicia
- Gattringer Thomas
- George K.
- Geraghty Olivia
- Geran Rohat
- Gerloff Christian
- Gerner Stefan
- Gerraty R.
- Godon-Hardy Sylvie
- Golsari Amir
- Gomis Meritxell
- Gorriz David
- Gotoh Seiji
- Gramse Verena
- Grau Laia
- Griebe Martin
- Grimley R.
- Gruber Franz
- Guerrero Cristina
- Guerzoglu Damla
- Guettier Sophie
- Guiraud Vincent
- Gumbinger Christoph
- Gunreben Ignaz
- Guo Y. C.
- Göhler Jos
- Hacke Werner
- Haertig Florian
- Hallenbeck John
- Hamasaki Toshimitsu
- Hametner Christian
- Hankey G.
- Hanseeuw Bernard
- Hansen Andreas
- Hansen Jakob
- Harbo Thomas
- Harloff Andreas
- Harmel Peter
- Harris Gordon J.
- Harvey J.
- Hasegawa Yasuhiro
- Heinen Florian
- Held Valentin
- Hellwig Simon
- Hemelsoet Dimitri
- Hennerici Michael
- Herm Juliane
- Hermans Sylvia
- Hernández MarĂa
- Hervas Vicente Jose
- Hirano Teryuki
- Hjort Niels
- Ho S. C.
- Hobeanu Cristina
- Hobohm Carsten
- Hoesch Robert
- Hogan K.
- Hohenbichler Katharina
- Homma Kazunari
- Hommel Marc
- Hoppe Julia
- Hornberger Eva
- Howells D.
- Hoyer Carolin
- Hsia Amie
- Hsiao P. M.
- Hsu C. H.
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- Hsu Chung Y.
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- Huang C. C.
- Huang H. Y.
- Huang M. Y.
- Huang S. C.
- Huang W. S.
- Huang Xuya
- Häusler Karl Georg
- Höfner Elmar
- Ichijyo Masahiko
- Ide Toshihiro
- Igarashi Shuichi
- Iguchi Yasuyuki
- Ihara Masafumi
- Ikenouchi Hajime
- Inoue Manabu
- Inoue Tsuyoshi
- Ipsen Nils
- Isern Irina
- Ispierto Lourdes
- Itabashi Ryo
- Ito Yasuhiro
- Iversen Helle
- Iwama Toru
- Jackson D.
- Jeng J. S.
- Jeppesen Lise
- Jiang S. K.
- Jimenez Marta
- JungehĂĽlsing Jan
- JĂĽttler Eric
- Kaauwai L.
- Kala Lalit
- Kalladka Dheeraj
- KallmĂĽnzer Bernd
- Kamiyama Kenji
- Kamiyoshi Shoko
- Kanai Haruka
- Kanematsu Yasuhisa
- Kanzawa Takao
- Kapeller Peter
- Kar Arindam
- Kasari O.
- Kase Carlos
- Kaste Markku
- Kellert Lars
- Kemmling André
- Kessler Christof
- Kessler Tobias
- Khan Usman
- Kimura Kazumi
- King J.
- Kitayama Jiro
- Kitazono Takanari
- Klein Matthias
- Kleinig T. J.
- Kleinig Timothy J.
- Kleinschnitz Christoph
- Klockziem Matti
- Knops Michael
- Koehler Luzie
- Koehrmann Martin
- Koga Masatoshi
- KohlfĂĽrst Heinz
- Koivu M.
- Kolbe J.
- Kollmar Rainer
- Kondo Rei
- Kraft Peter
- Krause M.
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- Kristensen Bo
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- Kudo Kohsuke
- Kung W. L.
- Kurka Natalia
- Kusumi Masayoshi
- Kuwahara Ken
- Kyndt C.
- Köhrmann Martin
- Laage Rico
- Ladoux Alexandre
- Laloux Patrice
- Lamy Catherine
- Landrault Emmanuelle
- Latour Lawrence
- Latour Lawrence L.
- Lau C. L.
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- Lebely Claire
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- Leempoel Jonathan
- Lees Kennedy
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- Leger Anne
- Legrand Laurence
- Lemmens Robin
- Lev Michael H.
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- Leys Didier
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- London Frederic
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- Lorenz Matthias
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- Lovelock Caroline
- Low E.
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- Mahadevan J.
- Majoie Charles
- Maqueda Vicky
- Marstrand Jacob
- Martinez Alicia
- Marzina Annika
- Mas Jean-Louis
- Matsumoto Shoji
- Matsuoka Hideki
- Maxwell V.
- McCoy R.
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- Mechthouff Laura
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- Meier Julia
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- Michalski Dominik
- Michels Peter
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- Mikulik Robert
- Millán Torne Monica
- Minematsu Kazuo
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- Mishra S.
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- Miteff F.
- Miura Ken
- Miwa Kaori
- Modrau Boris
- Moeller Sebastian
- Molina Carlos
- Molina Carlos A.
- Moore A.
- Morel Nathalie
- Moreton Fiona
- Morin Ludovic
- Morita Naomi
- Moulin Thierry
- Mouri Wataru
- Moynihan Barry
- Muddegowda Girish
- Mueller Anne K.
- Muir Keith
- Muir Keith W.
- Muir Keith W.
- Mulero Patricia
- Muller C.
- Mundiyanapurath Sibu
- Murata Kayo
- Mutzenbach Johannes
- Muzikansky Alona
- Männer Anika
- Møller Anette
- Nagakane Yoshinari
- Nagaraja Nandakumar
- Nagel Simon
- Naggara Oliver
- Nakase Taizen
- Nallasivan Arumugam
- Navalpotro Irene
- Nave Alexander H.
- Nederkoorn Paul
- Neeb Lars
- Neugebauer Hermann
- Neumann-Haefelin Tobias
- Ng F.
- Ng F. C.
- Ng J. L.
- Niederkorn Kurt
- Nighoghossian Norbert
- Nuñez Xavier
- O'Brian W.
- O'Collins V.
- Oberndorfer Stefan
- Ohara Hiromi
- Ohara Nobuyuki
- Ohnishi Hideyuki
- Ohta Hajime
- Ohtaki Masafumi
- Ohtani Ryo
- Ohtsuki Toshiho
- Ohyama Hideo
- Okada Takashi
- Okada Yasushi
- Opherk Christian
- Oppel Lorenz
- Oppenheim Catherine
- OrthgieĂź Johannes
- Osaki Masato
- Ostergaard Leif
- Oxley T. J.
- Paindeville Perrine
- Palomeras Ernest
- Panitz Verena
- Parsons M. W.
- Parsons Mark W.
- Patel Bhavni
- Patel S.
- Pedraza Salvador
- Peeters Andre
- Peeters Dirk
- Pellisé Anna
- Pelz Johann
- Peng G. S.
- Pereira Anthony
- Perry Richard
- Pesavento L.
- Petraza Salvador
- Peysson Stéphane
- Pfeilschifter Waltraud
- Phan T.
- Pichler Alexander
- Pierskalla Alexandra
- Pledl Hans-Werner
- Poli Sven
- Pomrehn Katrin
- Poulsen Marika
- Prats Luis
- Presas Silvia
- Prohaska Elisabeth
- Puetz Volker
- Puig Alcántara Josep
- Puig Josep
- Purrucker Jan
- PĂ©rez de la Ossa Natalia
- Quenardelle Veronique
- Ramachandran Sankaranarayanan
- Raphaelle Soulliard
- Raposo Nicolas
- Reiff Tilman
- Remmers Michel
- Renou Pauline
- Ribitsch Martin
- Richter Hardy
- Ringleb Peter
- Ritter Martin
- Ritzenthaler Thomas
- Rodier Gilles
- Rodrigues E.
- Rodriguez-Regent Christine
- RodrĂguez-Yáñez Manuel
- Roennefarth Maria
- Roffe Christine
- Rosenbaum Sverre
- Ross Z.
- Rosso Charlotte
- Rozanski Michal
- Ruiz de Morales Noelia
- Russo Francesca
- Rutgers Matthieu
- Röther Joachim
- Sabet A.
- Sagnier Sharmilla
- Sakai Nobuyuki
- Sallaberger M.
- Salvaris P.
- Samson Yves
- Sanbongi Yoshiki
- Sasaki Makoto
- Sasaki Naoshi
- Sato Shoichiro
- Sauer Tamara
- Schellinger Peter
- Schellinger Peter D.
- Schieber Simon
- Schill Josef
- Schlak Dennis
- Schlemm Ludwig
- Schmidt Sein
- Schonewille Wouter
- Schröder Julian
- Schulz Andreas
- Schurig Johannes
- Schwab Stefan
- Schwamm Lee H.
- Schwamm Lee H.
- Schwarting S. nke
- Schwarz Alexander
- Schwarzbach Christopher
- Schäfer Jan H.
- Searls Eric
- Seidel Matthias
- Seiler Alexander
- Seki Kenta
- Sembill Jochen
- Serena Leal Joaquin
- Serena Joaquin
- Shah D.
- Sharma G.
- Shetty Ashit
- Shimizu Wataru
- Shiokawa Yoshiaki
- Sibolt G.
- Sibon Igor
- Simonsen Claus Z.
- Simonsen Claus Z.
- Simpson M.
- Singer Oliver
- Singhal S.
- Sivagnanaratham Aravinth
- Smets Ide
- Smith Craig
- Snow B.
- Sobesky Jan
- Song Shlee S.
- Song Shlee S.
- Soors Peter
- Sozu Takashi
- Spratt N.
- Sprigg Nikola
- Spruegel Maximilian
- Stark David
- Stark R.
- Starkman Sidney
- Steiner Thorsten
- Steinert Susanne
- Stuermlinger Markus
- Sturm J.
- Stösser Sebastian
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- Sun Y.
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- Suzuki Rieko
- Svenson Ann-Sofie
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- Takagi Yasushi
- Takizawa Shunya
- Tamazyan Ruben
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- Tanahashi Norio
- Tanaka Eijiro
- Tanaka Ryota
- Tang S. C.
- Tateishi Yohei
- Tatlisumak T.
- Tembl Jose
- Terada Tomoaki
- Terasaki Tadashi
- Terceno Izaga Mikel
- Thijs V.
- Thijs Vincent
- Thomalla G. tz
- Tiainen M.
- Todo Kenichi
- Tokunaga Azusa
- Toni Danilo
- Touze Emmanuel
- Toyoda Kazunori
- Truelsen Thomas
- Tsai C. H.
- Tsai C. K.
- Tsai C. L.
- Tsai H. T.
- Tsai L. K.
- Tseng C. H.
- Tseng L. T.
- Tsoleridis J.
- Tsujino Akira
- Tu H.
- Tu H. T. H.
- Turc Guillaume
- Turine Gaetane
- Tyrell Pippa
- TĂĽtĂĽncĂĽ Serdar
- Ueda Toshihiro
- Uesaka Yoshikazu
- Uotani Mihoko
- Urabe Takao
- Ustrell Xavier
- Vadot Wilfried
- Vallat W.
- Vallet Anne-Evelyne
- Vallet Pauline
- van den Berg Lucie
- van den Berg Sophie
- van Eendenburg Cecile
- van Hooff Robbert-Jan
- van Sloten Isabelle
- Vanacker Peter
- Vancaester Evelien
- Vanderdonckt Patrick
- Vandermeeren Yves
- Vanhee Frederik
- Veltkamp Roland
- Vestergaard Karsten
- Viguier Alain
- Vilas Dolores
- Villringer Kersten
- Virta J.
- Voget Dieke
- von Kummer R. diger
- von Schrader J. rg
- von Weitzel Paul
- Wahlgren Nils
- Wang W. C.
- Wang Y. T.
- Warach Steven
- Warburton Elisabeth
- Wardlaw Joanna
- Watanabe Masao
- Waters M.
- Weber Claudia
- Weber J. rg
- Wegscheider Karl
- Wegscheider Mirko
- Weimar Christian
- Weinstich Karin
- Weir L.
- Weise Christopher
- Weise Gesa
- Wijeratne T.
- Willems Chris
- Williams C.
- Wilson W.
- Winder Klemens
- Wittayer Matthias
- Wolf Marc
- Wolf Martin
- Wolff Valerie
- Wollboldt Christian
- Wollenweber Frank
- Wong A. A.
- Wong K.
- Wouters Anke
- Wu Ona
- Wu T. Y.
- Wu Y. H.
- Yagita Yoshiki
- Yakushiji Yusuke
- Yalo Bertrand
- Yamamoto Haruko
- Yan B.
- Yang F. C.
- Yang Y. W.
- Yassi N.
- Yassi Nawaf
- Yasui Keizo
- Yeh H. L.
- Yeh J. H.
- Yeh S. J.
- Yen C. H.
- Yger Marion
- Yonehara Toshiro
- Yoo Albert J.
- Yoshimura Shinichi
- Yoshimura Sohei
- Younan Nadia
- Young D.
- Yperzeele Laetita
- Ysai C. L.
- Zand Ramin
- Zegarac Vesna
- Zeiner Pia
- Zhang W. W.
- Zhao H.
- Zhao L.
- Ziemann Ulf
- Zonneveld Thomas
- Zuber Mathieu
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 14/11/2020
- Field of study
Background: Patients who have had a stroke with unknown time of onset have been previously excluded from thrombolysis. We aimed to establish whether intravenous alteplase is safe and effective in such patients when salvageable tissue has been identified with imaging biomarkers. Methods: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data for trials published before Sept 21, 2020. Randomised trials of intravenous alteplase versus standard of care or placebo in adults with stroke with unknown time of onset with perfusion-diffusion MRI, perfusion CT, or MRI with diffusion weighted imaging-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (DWI-FLAIR) mismatch were eligible. The primary outcome was favourable functional outcome (score of 0–1 on the modified Rankin Scale [mRS]) at 90 days indicating no disability using an unconditional mixed-effect logistic-regression model fitted to estimate the treatment effect. Secondary outcomes were mRS shift towards a better functional outcome and independent outcome (mRS 0–2) at 90 days. Safety outcomes included death, severe disability or death (mRS score 4–6), and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020166903. Findings: Of 249 identified abstracts, four trials met our eligibility criteria for inclusion: WAKE-UP, EXTEND, THAWS, and ECASS-4. The four trials provided individual patient data for 843 individuals, of whom 429 (51%) were assigned to alteplase and 414 (49%) to placebo or standard care. A favourable outcome occurred in 199 (47%) of 420 patients with alteplase and in 160 (39%) of 409 patients among controls (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1·49 [95% CI 1·10–2·03]; p=0·011), with low heterogeneity across studies (I 2=27%). Alteplase was associated with a significant shift towards better functional outcome (adjusted common OR 1·38 [95% CI 1·05–1·80]; p=0·019), and a higher odds of independent outcome (adjusted OR 1·50 [1·06–2·12]; p=0·022). In the alteplase group, 90 (21%) patients were severely disabled or died (mRS score 4–6), compared with 102 (25%) patients in the control group (adjusted OR 0·76 [0·52–1·11]; p=0·15). 27 (6%) patients died in the alteplase group and 14 (3%) patients died among controls (adjusted OR 2·06 [1·03–4·09]; p=0·040). The prevalence of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage was higher in the alteplase group than among controls (11 [3%] vs two [<1%], adjusted OR 5·58 [1·22–25·50]; p=0·024). Interpretation: In patients who have had a stroke with unknown time of onset with a DWI-FLAIR or perfusion mismatch, intravenous alteplase resulted in better functional outcome at 90 days than placebo or standard care. A net benefit was observed for all functional outcomes despite an increased risk of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage. Although there were more deaths with alteplase than placebo, there were fewer cases of severe disability or death. Funding: None