カキ樹の生理生態学的研究 III : 夜温が新梢生長, 開花ならびに果実肥大に及ぼす影響(農学部門)

カキの成木結果樹を供試し, それぞれ樹体の発育周期に応じて, 夜間に補温処理を行ない, 枝梢の生長, 開花ならびに果実の肥大に及ぼす影響を調査した。その結果, 新梢伸長期(自然夜温12∿13.4℃)および果実発育の第1期(自然夜温21∿22℃)に3∿4℃以内で夜間補温すれば, 新梢の生長, 開花および果実の肥大を促進し, とくにその期間中で処理を打ち切った後もその影響が維持されて収穫期にまでおよぶ。しかし, この時期に自然夜温より6∿7℃以上の高夜温になると, 一時的には展葉, 開花ならびに幼果の肥大は促されるが, 枝葉は軟弱徒長し開花後の落果が著しい。開花と萠芽時よりの積算夜温とは密接な関係を示し, 4月始めよりほぼ470℃∿500℃で開花期に至る。Some effects of night temperature on the shoot elongation, blooming and enlargement of fruit were studied by Confining fruiting limls during the night (7p.m-7a.m) in heated chambers. By the treatment at the shoot growth stage (the mean natural night temperature is 12-13.4℃ through treatment period) and the first stage of fruit growing (the mean natural night temperature is 21-22℃ throught treatmentp eriod), shoot elongation, blooming and fruit enlargement were much acceler ated, in case of 3∿4℃ above the natural night temperature, and this tendency was continued till harvest, even if the treatment discontinued merely at the first stage of fruit growing. However, when the treatment tremperature was 6∿7℃ higher than the natural night temperature, all young fruits fell down at about 10∿20 days after the treatment. The flowering is closely connected with the accumlatively night temperature before the flowering. In the treatment of 1959 and 1960,we observed that accumlatively night temperature from the beginning of April to flowering stage is 470-500

Item response theory analysis of cognitive tests in people with dementia:a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Performance on psychometric tests is key to diagnosis and monitoring treatment of dementia. Results are often reported as a total score, but there is additional information in individual items of tests which vary in their difficulty and discriminatory value. Item difficulty refers to an ability level at which the probability of responding correctly is 50%. Discrimination is an index of how well an item can differentiate between patients of varying levels of severity. Item response theory (IRT) analysis can use this information to examine and refine measures of cognitive functioning. This systematic review aimed to identify all published literature which had applied IRT to instruments assessing global cognitive function in people with dementia. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out across Medline, Embase, PsychInfo and CINHAL articles. Search terms relating to IRT and dementia were combined to find all IRT analyses of global functioning scales of dementia. RESULTS: Of 384 articles identified four studies met inclusion criteria including a total of 2,920 people with dementia from six centers in two countries. These studies used three cognitive tests (MMSE, ADAS-Cog, BIMCT) and three IRT methods (Item Characteristic Curve analysis, Samejima’s graded response model, the 2-Parameter Model). Memory items were most difficult. Naming the date in the MMSE and memory items, specifically word recall, of the ADAS-cog were most discriminatory. CONCLUSIONS: Four published studies were identified which used IRT on global cognitive tests in people with dementia. This technique increased the interpretative power of the cognitive scales, and could be used to provide clinicians with key items from a larger test battery which would have high predictive value. There is need for further studies using IRT in a wider range of tests involving people with dementia of different etiology and severity