Estimating the proportion of offenders supervised by probation trusts in England and Wales who are ex-Armed Forces

On 15 September 2010 Defence Analytical Services and Advice (DASA) published its estimate of the proportion of prisoners in England and Wales who are ex-Armed Forces. The study involved matching the personal details of adult prisoners (a snapshot taken on 06/11/09) against DASA’s Service leavers’ database. It was estimated that 3.5% of prisoners were veterans of the UK Regular Armed Forces. A similar matching exercise has now been undertaken to estimate the proportion of those being supervised by Probation Trusts in England and Wales who are ex-Armed Forces

Estimating the proportion of prisoners in England and Wales who are ex-Armed Forces - further analysis

On 25 January 2010 Defence Analytical Services and Advice (DASA) published its initial estimate of the proportion of prisoners in England and Wales who are ex-Armed Forces. The study involved matching the personaldetails of adult prisoners against DASA’s Service leavers database. The initial report published on 25 January 2010 reported that 2,207 records of Service leavers matched against the 81,071 prisoner records supplied by the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) (a snapshot taken on 06/11/09). From this it was estimated that 2.7% (rounded up to 3%) of prisoners were veterans of the UK Regular Armed Forces. The initial report committed the Ministry of Defence to three areas of further analysis. These three components are described in detail in this report which is divided into the following sections:Section A: Revising the estimate of the proportion of prisoners in England and Wales who are ex-Armed Forces.Section B: Describing the characteristics of the prisoners in England and Wales who were identified as ex-Armed Forces.Section C: Comparing the proportion of ex-Armed Forcesidentified as being in prison with the proportion of the general population in prison, overall and by offence group

Genital warts and cervical neoplasia: an epidemiological study.

Cervical carcinoma and cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) are likely to be associated with all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). To help discover which (if any) of the recognised STDs might actually cause these conditions, a key question is whether one particular such association is much stronger than the others. The present study is therefore only of women newly attending an STD clinic, and compares the prevalences of cytological abnormalities of the cervix among 415 women attending with genital warts, 135 with genital herpes, and 458 with trichomoniasis or gonorrhoea. Significantly more genital wart patients (8.1%) than trichomoniasis or gonorrhoea patients (1.9%) showed dyskaryotic changes (adjusted relative risk (RR) = 5.8 with 95% limits 2.5-13.5) at, or a few months before, first attendance, while no excess whatever was seen in women with genital herpes. Moreover, half the women had a subsequent smear (at an average of 3-4 years after first attendance) and, although the diagnosis at first attendance was not related to the onset rate of dyskaryotic changes observed in these subsequent smears, it was related to the onset rate of grade III cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN III), which was found in 7 previous genital wart patients, in 2 previous trichomonas patients, but in 0 previous genital herpes patients. Thus, our findings suggest that herpes is not directly relevant to dyskaryotic change, but that one or more of the human papilloma viruses that cause genital warts may be

Landesque capital as an alternative to food storage in Melanesia: Irrigated taro terraces in New Georgia, Solomon Islands

In the Pacific islands, subsistence diversity made possible continuous production of food while welldeveloped exchange networks redistributed these foodstuffs as well as items within the prestige economy. All these were aspects of the ‘storage structures’ that enabled social and nutritional value to be saved, accumulated and later mobilised. In addition, there were investments in the land, landesque capital, which secured future food surpluses and so provided an alternative to food storage, in a region where the staple foods were mostly perishable, yams excepted, and food preservation was difficult. Landesque capital included such long-term improvements to productivity as terraces, mounds, irrigation channels, drainage ditches, soil structural changes and tree planting. These investments provided an effective alternative to food storage and made possible surplus production for exchange purposes. As an example, in the New Georgia group of the western Solomon Islands irrigated terraces, termed ruta, were constructed for growing the root crop taro (Colocasia esculenta). Surplus taro from ruta enabled inland groups to participate in regional exchange networks and so obtain the shell valuables that were produced by coastal groups. In this paper, we reconstruct how this exchange system worked in New Georgia using ethno-archaeological evidence, we chart its prehistoric rise and post-colonial fall, and we outline the factors that constrained its long-term expansion.Our gratitude for support during earlier fieldwork in the New Georgia group has already been expressed in previous publications. The 2014 project was supported by the Smuts Fund and Foreign Travel Fund, University of Cambridge, and by St John’s College, Cambridge.This is the accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Maney at http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1749631414Y.000000004