Huffman Encoding using VLSI

Huffman coding is entropy encoding algorithm used for lossless data compression. It basically uses variable length coding which is done using binary tree method. In our implementation of Huffman encoder, more frequent input data is encoded with less number of binary bits than the data with less frequency.This way of coding is used in JPEG and MPEG for image compression. Huffman coding uses a specific method for choosing the representation for each symbol, resulting in a prefix code. Prefix-free codes means the bit string representing some particular symbol is never a prefix of the bit string representing any other symbol

Socioeconomic determinants and pregnancy outcomes among adolescent mothers: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital in Amalapuram.

Background:Adolescent pregnancy remains a major public health concern, particularly in developing countries, due to its association with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Various socioeconomic and educational factors significantly influence its prevalence and complications. Objectives: To assess the socioeconomic status and pregnancy outcomes of adolescent mothers and to identify key factors influencing maternal and fetal health. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at KIMS and RF, Amalapuram, from November 2023 to November 2024. Fifty adolescent pregnant women (≤19 years) attending the OPD and labour room were included. Data regarding sociodemographic variables and pregnancy outcomes were collected using a semi-structured proforma and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: Most adolescent mothers (60%) were aged 18–19 years, and 70% were primigravida. A majority belonged to the upper-lower (40%) and lower (30%) socioeconomic classes. Anemia (40%) and IUGR (36%) were the most common antenatal complications. Preterm birth (24%) and IUGR (20%) were the predominant fetal outcomes. Postpartum complications included PPH (12%) and puerperal sepsis (8%). Conclusion: Adolescent pregnancy is more prevalent among socioeconomically disadvantaged, less-educated, and married teenage girls, with notable maternal and fetal complications. Strengthening adolescent education and healthcare access is vital. Recommendations: Implement adolescent health education, enforce child marriage laws, and improve access to antenatal care in rural areas to reduce complications

Current opinions and recommendations of paediatric healthcare professionals - The importance of tablets:Emerging orally disintegrating versus traditional tablets

The appropriate prescribing of paediatric dosage forms is paramount in providing the desired therapeutic effect alongside successful medication adherence with the paediatric population. Often it is the opinion of the healthcare practitioner that dictates which type of dosage form would be most appropriate for the paediatric patient, with liquids being both the most commonly available and most commonly used. Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are an emerging dosage form which provide many benefits over traditional dosage forms for paediatric patients, such as rapid disintegration within the oral cavity, and the reduction in the risk of choking. However the opinion and professional use of healthcare practitioners regarding ODT's is not known. This study was designed to assess the opinions of several types of healthcare professionals (n = 41) regarding ODTs, using a survey across two hospital sites. Results reaffirmed the popularity of liquids for prescribing in paediatrics, with 58.0% of participants preferring this dosage form. ODTs emerged as the second most popular dosage form (30.0%), with healthcare practitioners indicating an increasing popularity amongst patients in the hospital setting, belief with 63.0% of practitioners agreeing that many liquid formulations could be substituted with a suitable ODT. The desired properties of an ideal ODT were also identified by healthcare practitioners preferring a small, fast disintegrating tablet (90.2% and 95.1% respectively), with the taste, disintegration time and flavour being the three most important attributes identified (29.5%, 28.7% and 21.7% respectively). This study provided a pragmatic approach in assessing healthcare professional's opinions on ODTs, highlighting the ideas and thoughts of practitioners who are on the frontline of paediatric prescribing and treatment and gave an indication to their preference for ODT properties

Huffman Encoding using VLSI

Huffman coding is entropy encoding algorithm used for lossless data compression. It basically uses variable length coding which is done using binary tree method. In our implementation of Huffman encoder, more frequent input data is encoded with less number of binary bits than the data with less frequency.This way of coding is used in JPEG and MPEG for image compression. Huffman coding uses a specific method for choosing the representation for each symbol, resulting in a prefix code. Prefix-free codes means the bit string representing some particular symbol is never a prefix of the bit string representing any other symbol.</jats:p

Evaluation of teaching clinical pharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs to first-year MBBS students through worksheet-based small-group discussion

Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. Learning the science behind the use of antiarrhythmic drugs is essential for all medical graduates. However, many antiarrhythmic drugs are available, and most of them have complex pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. We tried to improvise our teaching by conducting interactive, worksheet-based, small-group discussion on antiarrhythmic drugs with preclinical students of School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, Malaysia. This survey was conducted to analyze the outcomes of worksheet-based, small-group discussion