Status quo: Levels of Campylobacter spp. and hygiene indicators in German slaughterhouses for broiler and turkey

Poultry is a common reservoir for Campylobacter and a main source for human campylobacteriosis. With broiler being the predominant poultry for food production, most food safety related research is conducted for this species, for turkey, few studies are available. Although animals are typically colonized at the farm level, the slaughtering process is considered an important factor in re- and cross-contamination. We examined the development of Campylobacter, E. coli and total colony counts (TCC) after several processing steps in three broiler and one turkey slaughterhouses. Whole carcass rinsing and neck skin sampling was applied for broilers resulting in 486 samples in total, while 126 neck skin samples were collected for turkeys. A decrease in the loads of the different bacterial groups along the broiler slaughtering process was observed. Campylobacter mean counts dropped from 4.5 ± 1.7 log10 CFU/ml after killing to 1.6 ± 0.4 log10 CFU/ml after chilling. However, an increase in Campylobacter counts was evident after evisceration before the values again decreased by the final processing step. Although the Campylobacter prevalence in the turkey samples showed a similar development, the bacterial loads were much lower with 1.7 ± 0.3 log10 CFU/g after killing and 1.7 ± 0.4 log10 CFU/g after chilling compared to those of broilers. The loads of E. coli and total colony count of turkey were higher after killing, were reduced by scalding and remained stable until after chilling. This study highlights trends during the slaughtering process in reducing the levels of Campylobacter, E. coli, and total colony counts for broiler and turkey carcasses, from the initial step to after chilling. These results contribute to our understanding of microbial dynamics during meat processing

Emergence of rapidly spreading antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in traditional blood-based foods

Objectives This study aims to investigate the survival ability and risk of Salmonella isolated from traditional blood-based food, using both phtnotypic and genotypic analysis. Materials and Methods We characterized and identified seventeen Salmonella isolates using 16s rRNA sequencing, real-time PCR and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Cell counts were recorded to monitor growth ability and temperature tolerance. Virulence genes and whole genome phylogenies were confirmed by WGS. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of corresponding strains to different antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes predicted by WGS were evaluated. Results In this study, we characterized 17 Salmonella isolates obtained from contaminated traditional blood-based food in China. Compared to laboratory strain S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, these Salmonella isolates generally grew more rapidly and developed less biofilm, but their tolerance to food processing-associated cold and heat stresses was distinct. Whole-genome phylogenies pointed out the potential for cross-contamination during food practices. In addition, 21 antibiotic-resistance genes were found among blood-based food isolates, including high-prevalent resistance genes gyrA (including associated mutations D87G and S83F), blaTEM, and aadA1. Antibiotic susceptibility test confirmed the in-silico prediction and revealed a 41.18% (7/17) multidrug resistance (MDR) rate. Resistance to ceftiofur, kanamycin, and nalidixic acid was observed without corresponding resistance genes, suggesting overlooked resistance mechanisms. Conclusions This study revisited microbial safety concerns associated with traditional blood-based food and underlined the emergence of high-risk MDR Salmonella strains. It also underscores the importance of implementing better hygiene practices in the production and handling of traditional food products

Survey of small intestinal and systemic immune responses following murine Arcobacter butzleri infection

Background Arcobacter (A.) butzleri has been described as causative agent for sporadic cases of human gastroenteritis with abdominal pain and acute or prolonged watery diarrhea. In vitro studies revealed distinct adhesive, invasive and cytotoxic properties of A. butzleri. Information about the underlying immunopathological mechanisms of infection in vivo, however, are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopathological properties of two different A. butzleri strains in a well-established murine infection model. Results Gnotobiotic IL-10 −/− mice, in which the intestinal microbiota was depleted by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, were perorally infected with two different A. butzleri strains isolated from a diseased patient (CCUG 30485) or fresh chicken meat (C1), respectively. Eventhough bacteria of either strain could stably colonize the intestinal tract at day 6 and day 16 postinfection (p.i.), mice did not exert infection induced symptoms such as diarrhea or wasting. In small intestines of infected mice, however, increased numbers of apoptotic cells could be detected at day 16, but not day 6 following infection with either strain. A strain-dependent influx of distinct immune cell populations such as T and B cells as well as of regulatory T cells could be observed upon A. butzleri infection which was accompanied by increased small intestinal concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IFN-γ, MCP-1 and IL-6. Remarkably, inflammatory responses following A. butzleri infection were not restricted to the intestinal tract, given that the CCUG 30485 strain induced systemic immune responses as indicated by increased IFN-γ concentrations in spleens at day 6, but not day 16 following infection. Conclusion Upon peroral infection A. butzleri stably colonized the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic IL-10 −/− mice. The dynamics of distinct local and systemic inflammatory responses could be observed in a strain-dependent fashion pointing towards an immunopathogenic potential of A. butzleri in vivo. These results indicate that gnotobiotic IL-10 −/− mice are well suited to further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying arcobacteriosis in vivo

Arcobacter butzleri Induce Colonic, Extra-Intestinal and Systemic Inflammatory Responses in Gnotobiotic IL-10 Deficient Mice in a Strain-Dependent Manner

BACKGROUND: The immunopathological impact of human Arcobacter (A.) infections is under current debate. Episodes of gastroenteritis with abdominal pain and acute or prolonged watery diarrhea were reported for A. butzleri infected patients. Whereas adhesive, invasive and cytotoxic capacities have been described for A. butzleri in vitro, only limited information is available about the immunopathogenic potential and mechanisms of infection in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice were generated by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment and perorally infected with the A. butzleri strains CCUG 30485 and C1 shown to be invasive in cell culture assays. Bacterial colonization capacities, clinical conditions, intestinal, extra-intestinal and systemic immune responses were monitored at day six and 16 postinfection (p.i.). Despite stable intestinal A. butzleri colonization at high loads, gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice were virtually unaffected and did not display any overt symptoms at either time point. Notably, A. butzleri infection induced apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells which was paralleled by increased abundance of proliferating cells. Furthermore A. butzleri infection caused a significant increase of distinct immune cell populations such as T and B cells, regulatory T cells, macrophages and monocytes in the colon which was accompanied by elevated colonic TNF, IFN-γ, nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, IL-12p70 and MCP-1 concentrations. Strikingly, A. butzleri induced extra-intestinal and systemic immune responses as indicated by higher NO concentrations in kidney and increased TNF, IFN-γ, IL-12p70 and IL-6 levels in serum samples of infected as compared to naive mice. Overall, inflammatory responses could be observed earlier in the course of infection by the CCUG 30485 as compared to the C1 strain. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Peroral A. butzleri infection induced not only intestinal but also extra-intestinal and systemic immune responses in gnotobiotic IL-10-/- mice in a strain-dependent manner. These findings point towards an immunopathogenic potential of A. butzleri in vertebrate hosts

Управление производственным процессом на предприятии

В выпускной квалификационной работе будет рассмотрена оптимизация производственного процесса на деревообрабатывающем предприятии в рамках управления производственным процессом.In the final qualifying work will consider the optimization of the production process at the woodworking enterprise in the management of the production process

Партисипаторность как механизм успешной реализации проекта туристско-рекреационного кластера "Северск" в рамках концепции "ИНО ТОМСК 2020"

Общественность выступает потребителем туристских услуг, не вовлеченным в процессы реализации. В итоге, усилия и затраты государства приобретают низкую эффективность. Местное население, уже изначально, ограничено и дистанционно к системе предоставления туристских услуг. Накапливаются нереализованные социальные ожидания населения, что может привести к риску социальной нестабильности. Запустились процессы переосмысления образа жизни в городе, благодаря городским территориальным сообществам. Повысились требования людей к качеству городской среды. Население стало отстаивать право на доступное и качественное жилье, на удобные дворы и улицы, на хорошие парки и скверы.The public acts as a consumer of social services, not involved in the implementation processes. As a result, the efforts and costs of the state acquire low efficiency. The local population, already initially, is limited and remotely to the system of providing social services. Unrealized social expectations of the population accumulate, which can lead to the risk of social instability. The processes of rethinking the way of life in the city were launched, thanks to the urban territorial communities. People's demands for the quality of the urban environment have increased. The population began to uphold the right to affordable and quality housing, to comfortable yards and streets, to good parkand public gardens. The notion of "comfortable city" has become a trend in different regions

Технологические решения для строительства эксплуатационной наклонно-направленной скважины глубиной 2680 метров Катыльгинском нефтяном месторождении (Томская область)

Цель работы – рассмотреть амбарное и безамбарное бурение, сравнить, описать преимущества. В процессе исследования проводились разбор и исследование процесса бурения по безамбарной и амбарной технологии. В результате исследования были выявлены преимущества использования безамбарной технологии.The purpose of the work is to examine the barn and bezambar drilling, compare, describe the advantages. In the course of the study, the drilling process was analyzed and studied in the case of bezambar and granary technology. As a result of the research, the advantages of using the zero-bar technology were revealed

MHCII-independent CD4(+) T cells protect injured CNS neurons via IL-4

A body of experimental evidence suggests that T cells mediate neuroprotection following CNS injury; however, the antigen specificity of these T cells and how they mediate neuroprotection are unknown. Here, we have provided evidence that T cell-mediated neuroprotection after CNS injury can occur independently of major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) signaling to T cell receptors (TCRs). Using two murine models of CNS injury, we determined that damage-associated molecular mediators that originate from injured CNS tissue induce a population of neuroprotective, IL-4-producing T cells in an antigen-independent fashion. Compared with wild-type mice, IL-4-deficient animals had decreased functional recovery following CNS injury; however, transfer of CD4+ T cells from wild-type mice, but not from IL-4-deficient mice, enhanced neuronal survival. Using a culture-based system, we determined that T cell-derived IL-4 protects and induces recovery of injured neurons by activation of neuronal IL-4 receptors, which potentiated neurotrophin signaling via the AKT and MAPK pathways. Together, these findings demonstrate that damage-associated molecules from the injured CNS induce a neuroprotective T cell response that is independent of MHCII/TCR interactions and is MyD88 dependent. Moreover, our results indicate that IL-4 mediates neuroprotection and recovery of the injured CNS and suggest that strategies to enhance IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells have potential to attenuate axonal damage in the course of CNS injury in trauma, inflammation, or neurodegeneration