Man. second ed. By Richard J. Harrison and William Montagna. viii + 458 pp., figures, tables, bibliography, index. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. $5.25 (paper)

No Abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37564/1/1330440317_ftp.pd

Origins of differences in hemoglobin concentration between Himalayan and Andean populations

Mean hemoglobin concentration of 3511 adult males derived from 19 studies of Andean male permanent residents and 10 studies of Himalayan male permanent residents were compared with reference to partial pressure of inspired oxygen. The regression equation (weighted for sample size) of PO2 and hemoglobin concentration of the Andean miners is significantly (P O2 and Hb is similar in the non-mining Andean and Himalayan samples. These findings suggest that the observed differences in hemoglobin concentration between Andean and Himalayan samples are due, in part, to the inclusion of miners in the Andean samples. The higher barometric pressure associated with the north latitude location of the Himalayans may also contribute to decrease the hypoxic stress in the Himalayas. The present data suggest that Andeans and Himalayans have a similar hemopoetic response to hypoxic stress.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27340/1/0000365.pd

Making sense of inclusive innovation: an agency perspective on knowledge production and organisational change in developmental universities

This thesis investigates how agency unfolds to create enabling environments for inclusive innovation in developmental universities. Growing concerns over social inclusion in innovation have given way to the emergence of inclusive innovation as an important overarching concept guiding funding programs of multilateral agencies to direct innovation towards specific aims such as poverty alleviation and welfare improvement for low-income groups. These concerns render the question of how inclusion can become a central feature of innovation systems. Extant approaches in the literature have emphasised functionalist explanations and overstressed the role of structures in enabling change, particularly by suggesting the incorporation of innovation systems’ excluded components and the stimulation of neglected functions (Arocena et al., 2018, 2015; Foster and Heeks, 2013; Grobbelaar et al., 2016; Grobbelaar and van der Merwe, 2016). Whilst these approaches have yielded valuable insights to chart routes towards inclusive systems of innovation, the thesis argues that it is also necessary to consider the interplay between agency and structure as mutual dependencies with ongoing interaction influencing how and in what contexts inclusive practices emerge. This requires an approach that goes beyond a narrow study of structure. Therefore, this PhD bridges this divide by bringing to the fore the complex relationship between institutional set-ups, organisations’ missions, structures, and agency to expound how actors chose to produce knowledge to cater to societal needs and triggered changes in organisational interpretive schemes to create more enabling environments for inclusive innovation. This is done through a case study in three Peruvian universities. The literature review discusses the limits of functionalist arguments for explaining systems change and introduces a novel conceptual framework for the study of agency in two domains: knowledge production and organisational learning. The thesis offers a normative and evaluative framework to assess innovation in terms of inclusiveness. In the empirical chapters, it unpacks the importance of values, beliefs, and role expectations in researchers’ choices to produce knowledge for inclusive innovation projects and explains how these researchers repurposed policy instruments to match their self-perceived roles as university workers. It also explains how researchers’ agency triggered changes in organisational interpretive schemes and how these changes are reflected on reconfigurations in the governance structures of these universities. The thesis’s insights are brought together in a reflective chapter that summarises the contribution of the thesis to the understanding of inclusive innovation from a systems’ perspective and the implications for policy

Heritability and components of phenotypic expression in skin reflectance of Mestizos from the Peruvian Lowlands

Skin reflectance was measured on the inner upper arm and forehead of a sample of 209 Mestizos ranging in age from 2 to 64 years living in the town of Lamas in the Eastern Peruvian Lowlands. The sample consisted of 43 father-son, 42 father-daughter, 62 mother-son, and 70 mother-daughter pairs. The sample also consisted of 57 brother-brother, 60 sister-sister and 139 brother-sister pairs. The reflectance measurements were made with a Photovolt Reflection Meter, model 670. Stepwise polynomial regression techniques were used to derive standardized residual values. Then using these residual values parent-offspring, sibling intraclass correlations and components of the phenotypic expression of skin reflectance were calculated. The study indicates that 1) the parent-offspring and sibling correlation coefficients conformed with the theoretical correlations expected assuming polygenic inheritance; 2) the husband-wife correlations indicate a high degree of assortative mating for skin color, but despite this effect the parent-offspring and sibling correlation coefficients are lower than the values expected under the influence of autosomal genes; 3) estimates of heritability and components of phenotypic expression indicate that about 55% of the total variability in skin reflectance could be attributed to the influence of additive genetic factors; and 4) there is no evidence of X-linkage in the inheritance of skin color.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37604/1/1330550207_ftp.pd

Influence of maternal nutritional status on prenatal growth in a Peruvian urban population

Anthropometric measurements were made on 4,952 mothers and their neonates from a Peruvian urban population. Based on age-specific percentiles, the mothers were separated into categories of short and tall stature, high and low fat, and high and low muscle. The study indicates that: (1) tall and short mothers characterized by similar subcutaneous fat and upper arm muscle area (whether high or low) had newborns with similar birth weight and recumbent length; (2) mothers characterized by high subcutaneous fat had heavier and fatter, but not longer, newborns than mothers with low subcutaneous fat; (3) mothers characterized by high upper arm muscle area had heavier, leaner and longer newborns than mothers with low upper arm muscle area; (4) mothers characterized by high muscle and high fat had heavier and longer newborns than mothers with high muscle and low fat; but (5) mothers characterized by high muscle and low fat had heavier and longer newborns than mothers with low muscle and high fat. Considering that subcutaneous fat and arm muscle area reflect calorie and protein reserves respectively, it is concluded that an increase in maternal calorie reserves results in increased infant fatness, but a lesser increase in linear growth. In contrast, an increase in maternal protein reserves does enhance both birth weight and prenatal linear growth.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37573/1/1330460207_ftp.pd

Aspectos epidemiológicos y clinicos del Colangio carcinoma en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins - EsSalud, 2006 -2012: Epidemiological and clinical aspects of Cholangio carcinoma in the National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins EsSalud, 2006 - 2012

Objetivo. Determinar el comportamiento epidemiológico y clínico del Colangiocarcinoma (CCA) en un hospital referencial como el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins EsSalud en el periodo del 2006 al 2012 en Lima-Perú. Materiales y m´étodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo longitudinal en base a la recopilación de datos registrados en las historias clínicas de los pacientes del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, cuyo diagnóstico definitivo se haya establecido bajo la codificación internacional CIE 10 con el código 24.0 o también conocido como Neoplasia Maligana de Vía Biliar o Colangiocarcinoma, comprendidos entre el año 2006 al 2012. El universo de estudio fue de 90 pacientes (2006-2012) de los cuales se calculó como tamañno de muestra válido a 60 de ellos que cumplian con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados. En relación a los resultados, muchos de los aspectos epidemiológicos difieren de lo estudiado en otras poblaciones, sobretodo las pertenientes al continente Asiatico, donde se pueden encontrar asociadas factores de riesgo como Colangitis Esclerosante Primaria o la presencia de parásitos propios de la localidad. Así también la incidencia, prevalencia y distribución por grupo etáreo y por género, mortalidad y tiempo de sobrevida varían en relación a características diagnósticas y estudios realizados previamente en países como Japón, China e Israel. Conclusiones. Se concluye que el Colangiocarcinoma es una neoplasia de via bibliar con una incidencia de 1 caso nuevo / 100,000 habitantes en nuestro país. Se describe una predominancia de aparición en personas de sexo femenino y ello se incrementa a partir de la sexta década de la vida. En nuestra población se asocia a antecedentes de litiasis vesicular, hepatitis viral y colecistectomía previa en su mayoria. Clinicamente el CCI se asocia más a disminución de peso, mientras que en el CCE predomina la ictericia. La mayoria de pacientes son diagnósticados en estadios avanzados III y IV, presentándose una mortalidad elevada y un tiempo de sobrevida de 1 mes y un m´´aximo de 73 meses

Small for gestational age associated with short stature during adolescence

This study examined the relationship between intrauterine growth retardation and adolescent stature in a sample of 1510 White subjects (754 males and 756 females) who were evaluated at birth and at the ages of 15, 16, and 17 years. The subjects were classified into two groups based on birthweight, small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA), corresponding respectively to values below the 10th, and between the 11th and 99th, percentiles of gestational age and sex. Results showed that boys and girls born prematurely (gestational age 37 weeks of gestation). In contrast, those born SGA were significantly shorter than their counterparts born AGA. The average reduction in stature was 4.9 cm for males and 2.9 cm for females. When the analysis included adjustments for parental stature (and adolescent's age at menarche for females), the average reduction in stature equaled about 3.5 cm for males and 2.0 cm for females. It is thus concluded that the stature deficit reflects a reduction in growth rate rather than delay in maturation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/38559/1/1310060305_ftp.pd

Relationship of skinfolds and muscle size to growth of children. I. Costa Rica

The relationships between triceps skinfolds and stature and between upper arm muscle size and stature were studied on 874 pairs matched for age derived from a cross-sectional sample of 2,445 Costa Rican rural subjects, aged 0 to 20 years. The results indicate that fatter children for their age, on the average, are not taller than their leaner counterparts. On the other hand, more muscular children, on the average, are taller than their less muscular counterparts of the same age.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37511/1/1330350110_ftp.pd

Adaptive significance of small body size under poor socio-economic conditions in southern Peru

The relationship of variations in parental body size to offspring survival has been studied in a population of poor socio-economic conditions (“Barriada”) in the southern highland of Peru. Parents of small body size, especially mothers, had significantly greater per cent offspring survival than parents with larger body size. In other words, the offspring survival effectiveness of subjects of small body size was greater than that of subjects of large body size. It is postulated that the greater offspring survival effectiveness associated with small parental body size may reflect possible adaptive responses to poor socio-economic conditions.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37538/1/1330390216_ftp.pd

Reduction of Birth Weight Among Infants Born to Adolescents: Maternal–Fetal Growth Competition

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72838/1/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48213.x.pd