Eroding Support from Below: Performance in Local Government and Opposition Party Growth in South Africa

How does support for opposition parties grow in dominant party systems? Most scholarship on the rise of competitive elections in dominant party regimes focuses on elite defections from the ruling party and coordination by opposition parties as key explanations, but there is less focus on how politics at the local level contributes to opposition victories. This article argues that effective service delivery in local government helps opposition parties grow support in local elections. Examining the case of the Democratic Alliance (DA) in South Africa, this article provides a systematic analysis of local elections and opposition party performance. Using an original data set of electoral, census and spatial data at the lowest electoral unit in South Africa (the ward), this article shows that in the areas where it is the incumbent party, support for the DA grows as the delivery of basic services to non-white households improves, and when DA-run wards outperform the neighbouring ones run by the ruling African National Congress party, support for the DA increases in neighbouring wards. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of how local politics erode dominant party rule

Special economic zones and the political economy of place-based policies

Special economic zones (SEZs) have a long pedigree in the history of regional policy, given that they deal explicitly with a strictly bounded geographical area artificially delineated from the rest of a country. As a distinct region with separate economic policies for the country surrounding it, SEZs both reflect the institutional nature of the country in which they reside but also are often used as an area for institutional experimentation. Tracing the evolution of SEZs in the modern era beginning in China and working through modern variants of the SEZ concept, this chapter explores special economic zones and the (lack of) animating theories behind their existence, drawing particularly on new economic geography and advances in regional science. More importantly, this chapter explores the functioning of economic relationships within an SEZ and its arrangement of institutions in a small geographic space, trying to understand the relationship of SEZs with the countries which birthed them. Are SEZs a substitute for organically generated institutions of growth, including networks/clusters and agglomeration? Do SEZs succeed in increasing growth or fostering the environment for the building blocks of growth, i.e. human capital, technological progress, or capital accumulation? And do SEZs succeed in forging broader institutional change for other regions of a country? Drawing on classic and recent scholarship in this area, this chapter illuminates the promises and pitfalls of SEZs for regional policy

Tanger MED SEZs: A Logistic and Industrial Hub in the Western Mediterranean

This paper aims to investigate the impact of Special Economic Zones within a specific system-based economy, and variations in both individual sectoral specializations and those of the local labour market. There are six Special Economic Zones geographically located within the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceima region in northern Morocco; each zone is centred on specialised production and strictly related to Tanger MED Port Complex, 1 and 2. At the present, they are among the most influential hubs of the Mediterranean and a crucial element of Morocco’s economic and commercial development strategy. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the presence of regional SEZs has positively impacted the increase in national FDEs and the increase in company localisations in the area under study. This research is to be credited equally to both authors, for it is the result of their joint work