1,330 research outputs found
Connecting the dots: online maps for improved access to information on agricultural research projects
COLLECTIVE ACTION NEWS is a periodical e-publication of the CGIAR’s Regional Collective Action in Eastern and Southern Afric
A panoramic VISTA of the stellar halo of NGC 253
Outskirts of large galaxies contain important information about the galaxy
formation and assembly process, and resolved star count studies can probe the
extremely low surface brightness of the outer halos. We use images obtained
with the VISTA telescope to construct spatially resolved J vs Z-J
colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of NGC 253, a nearly edge-on disk galaxy in
the Sculptor group. The very deep photometry, down to J ~ 23.5, and the wide
area covered allows us to trace the red giant branch (RGB) and asymptotic giant
branch (AGB) stars that belong to the outer disk and the halo of NGC 253, out
to 50 kpc along the galaxy minor axis. We confirm the existence of an extra
planar stellar component of the disk, with a very prominent southern shelf and
a symmetrical feature on the north side. The only additional visible
sub-structure is an overdensity in the north-west part of the halo at about 28
kpc from the plane and extending over ~ 20 kpc parallel with the disk of the
galaxy. From the stellar count profile along the major axis we measure the
transition from the disk to the halo at a radial distance of about 25 kpc,
where a clear break appears in the number density profile. The isodensity
contours show that the inner halo is a flattened structure that blends with a
more extended, diffuse, rounder outer halo. Such external structure can be
traced to the very edge of our image out to 50 kpc from the disk plane. The
number density profile of the stars in the stellar halo follows a power law
with index -1.6, as function of radius. The CMD shows a very homogeneous
stellar population across the whole field; by comparison with theoretical
isochrones we conclude that the RGB stars are ~ 8 Gyr old or more, while the
AGB stars trace a population of about 2 x 10^8 Mo, formed from ~ 0.5 to a few
Gyr ago. Surprisingly, part of this latter population appears scattered over a
wide area.Comment: To appear on Astronomy and Astrophysic
Methods for estimating the volume of individual glomeruli
Methods for estimating the volume of individual glomeruli.BackgroundThe Cavalieri and maximal planar area (MPA) methods are commonly used to measure the volume of individual glomeruli. Previous studies have suggested that the MPA method, which is less laborious, yields values that are much greater than those obtained by the Cavalieri method. The current study re-examined the relationship of MPA and Cavalieri values for glomerular volume in humans and rats.MethodsBoth methods were used to measure the volume of 1201 glomeruli from 58 humans and 281 glomeruli from 15 rats. Tissue was embedded in Epon. Further mathematical analysis was performed to assess the extent to which deviation of glomeruli from spherical shape affects the relationship of values obtained by the MPA and Cavalieri methods.ResultsMPA values exceeded Cavalieri values by an average of only 14 ± 22% in humans and 6 ± 16% in rats. The relationship of MPA to Cavalieri values was similar in individual humans and rats, with widely varying values for average glomerular volume. Neither the development of sclerosis nor the loss of any connection to a tubule affected the relationship of the MPA and Cavalieri values for the volume of individual glomeruli. Mathematical analysis showed that MPA values would not exceed Cavalieri values if glomeruli had ellipsoidal rather than spherical shape.ConclusionSimilar values for glomerular volume are obtained using the Cavalieri and MPA methods in humans and rats
Multi-species turbulent mixing under supercritical-pressure conditions: modelling, direct numerical simulation and analysis revealing species spinodal decomposition
A model is developed for describing mixing of several species under high-pressure
conditions. The model includes the Peng–Robinson equation of state, a full massdiffusion
matrix, a full thermal-diffusion-factor matrix necessary to incorporate the
Soret and Dufour effects and both thermal conductivity and viscosity computed for
the species mixture using mixing rules. Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are
conducted in a temporal mixing layer configuration. The initial mean flow is perturbed
using an analytical perturbation which is consistent with the definition of vorticity
and is divergence free. Simulations are performed for a set of five species relevant
to hydrocarbon combustion and an ensemble of realizations is created to explore the
effect of the initial Reynolds number and of the initial pressure. Each simulation
reaches a transitional state having turbulent characteristics and most of the data
analysis is performed on that state. A mathematical reformulation of the flux terms
in the conservation equations allows the definition of effective species-specific Schmidt
numbers (Sc) and of an effective Prandtl number (Pr) based on effective speciesspecific
diffusivities and an effective thermal conductivity, respectively. Because these
effective species-specific diffusivities and the effective thermal conductivity are not
directly computable from the DNS solution, we develop models for both of these
quantities that prove very accurate when compared with the DNS database. For two
of the five species, values of the effective species-specific diffusivities are negative
at some locations indicating that these species experience spinodal decomposition; we
determine the necessary and sufficient condition for spinodal decomposition to occur.
We also show that flows displaying spinodal decomposition have enhanced vortical
characteristics and trace this aspect to the specific features of high-density-gradient
magnitude regions formed in the flows. The largest values of the effective speciesspecific
Sc numbers can be well in excess of those known for gases but almost
two orders of magnitude smaller than those of liquids at atmospheric pressure. The
effective thermal conductivity also exhibits negative values at some locations and the
effective Pr displays values that can be as high as those of a liquid refrigerant.
Examination of the equivalence ratio indicates that the stoichiometric region is thin
and coincides with regions where the mixture effective species-specific Lewis number
values are well in excess of unity. Very lean and very rich regions coexist in the
vicinity of the stoichiometric region. Analysis of the dissipation indicates that it is dominated by mass diffusion, with viscous dissipation being the smallest among the
three dissipation modes. The sum of the heat and species (i.e. scalar) dissipation is
functionally modelled using the effective species-specific diffusivities and the effective
thermal conductivity. Computations of the modelled sum employing the modelled
effective species-specific diffusivities and the modelled effective thermal conductivity
shows that it accurately replicates the exact equivalent dissipation
Synthesis and characterization of magnetic and antibacterial nanoparticles as filler in acrylic cements for bone cancer and comorbidities therapy
In this work an innovative formulation of bone cement for the treatment of bone tumor and its associated complications has been designed by preparing a new class of Fe3O4–Ag nanostructures, using gallic acid as a reducing agent. The obtained nanoparticles have been introduced in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based composite cement evaluating the insertion of different amounts and the use of different mixing methods. The morphology, the composition and the antibacterial effect of Fe3O4–Ag nanostructures have been investigated together with the morphology, the composition, the mechanical properties of the nanoparticles-containing composite cements as well as their antibacterial effect. The obtained results revealed a good antimicrobial effect of Fe3O4–Ag nanostructures, a significant influence of their amount and of the used mixing method on the particles dispersion and agglomeration in the PMMA matrix and, as a result, on the mechanical properties. In particular, a better dispersion of nanoparticles was obtained by using the mechanical mixing, reducing the tendency to agglomerate. The increase of nanoparticles amount induced a slight decrease of the mechanical properties; however, the introduction of 10% w/w of Fe3O4–Ag allowed to improve the composites ability to reduce the bacteria adhesion
In vitro and in vivo inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by targeting the Hedgehog/GLI pathway with SMO (GDC-0449) or GLI (GANT-61) inhibitors.
Aberrant Hedgehog (Hh)/glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) signaling has
been implicated in cancer progression. Here, we analyzed GLI1, Sonic Hedgehog
(Shh) and NF-ÎşB expression in 51 breast cancer (ductal carcinoma) tissues using
immunohistochemistry. We found a positive correlation between nuclear GLI1
expression and tumor grade in ductal carcinoma cases. Cytoplasmic Shh staining
significantly correlated with a lower tumor grade. Next, the in vitro effects of two
Hh signaling pathway inhibitors on breast cancer cell lines were evaluated using the
Smoothened (SMO) antagonist GDC-0449 and the direct GLI1 inhibitor GANT-61.
GDC-0449 and GANT-61 exhibited the following effects: a) inhibited breast cancer
cell survival; b) induced apoptosis; c) inhibited Hh pathway activity by decreasing
the mRNA expression levels of GLI1 and Ptch and inhibiting the nuclear translocation
of GLI1; d) increased/decreased EGFR and ErbB2 protein expression, reduced p21-
Ras and ERK1/ERK2 MAPK activities and inhibited AKT activation; and e) decreased
the nuclear translocation of NF-ÎşB. However, GANT-61 exerted these effects more
effectively than GDC-0449. The in vivo antitumor activities of GDC-0449 and GANT-
61 were analyzed in BALB/c mice that were subcutaneously inoculated with mouse
breast cancer (TUBO) cells. GDC-0449 and GANT-61 suppressed tumor growth of
TUBO cells in BALB/c mice to different extents. These findings suggest that targeting
the Hh pathway using antagonists that act downstream of SMO is a more efficient
strategy than using antagonists that act upstream of SMO for interrupting Hh signaling
in breast cancer
Putrescine production from different amino acid precursors by lactic acid bacteria from wine and cider
Measurement of power spectral density of broad-spectrum visible light with heterodyne near field scattering and its scalability to betatron radiation.
We exploit the speckle field generated by scattering from a colloidal suspension to access both spatial and temporal coherence properties of broadband radiation. By applying the Wiener-Khinchine theorem to the retrieved temporal coherence function, information about the emission spectrum of the source is obtained in good agreement with the results of a grating spectrometer. Experiments have been performed with visible light. We prove more generally that our approach can be considered as a tool for modeling a variety of cases. Here we discuss how to apply such diagnostics to broad-spectrum betatron radiation produced in the laser-driven wakefield accelerator under development at SPARC LAB facility in Frascati
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