La pobreza indígena en América Latina y el primer objetivo de desarrollo del milenio

El objetivo del presente trabajo es, en primer lugar, explorar en qué medida los pueblos indígenas tienen mayor riesgo de caer en la pobreza extrema que los pueblos no indígenas, y si la situación de los pueblos indígenas está mejorando o empeorando en América Latina. En segundo lugar, en el trabajo se analizan determinados problemas vinculados al tratamiento de la pobreza indígena, de una manera constructiva y significativa. Tales cuestiones incluyen la escasez de datos sobre la pobreza indígena, los posibles desafíos relativos a la validez intercultural de los indicadores de pobreza establecidos, y a las definiciones usadas para definir e identificar lo indígena.Antecedentes ; ¿Por qué un enfoque especial sobre las poblaciones indígenas?, Los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio. La ODM y las críticas de los indígenas. Material y métodos. Resultados; ¿son acaso más pobres los grupos de pueblos indígenas que los no indígenas?. ¿Se están cerrando acaso las brechas de la pobreza entre los grupos de población indígena y no indígena?. La pobreza indígena es polifacética. El ejemplo de las líneas de pobreza extrema. El criterio de las necesidades básicas insatisfechas. Criterio de inclusión, ¿quién es indígena?. Desglose de los datos sobre la pobreza. Conclusiones. Bibliografía

Adaptation or Exploration? Understanding Older Workers' Plans for Post-Retirement Paid and Volunteer Work

Numerous investigations have sought to understand the types of individuals who engage in post-retirement work. However, little is known about why older adults are motivated to engage. The aim of the present article is to examine the extent to which two possible mechanisms—adaptation (adjusting to the loss of work role) and exploration (retirement as opportunity to engage in activities in line with personal values)—play a role in explaining planning for paid work or volunteering after retirement. Analyses are based on large-scale survey data collected in 2015 among older workers in the Netherlands (N = 6,278). Results show that the large majority of older Dutch workers have plans for post-retirement paid and/or volunteer work. Moreover, both mechanisms appear to contribute to the understanding of post-retirement work plans, yet in different ways. Specifically, older workers who expect to miss latent work functions are more likely to have plans for post-retirement work, with their general values guiding the type of work they gravitate toward. Having plans for post-retirement paid work was more prevalent among older workers who attached more importance to personal growth, whereas having plans for volunteer work was more prevalent among older workers who had a stronger social orientation. Moreover, results suggest that men, more often than women, translate the anticipated loss of latent work functions into plans for post-retirement paid work. These insights regarding the motivational antecedents of post-retirement work plans are highly relevant in light of policy discussions of active and healthy aging

Dewetting of thin polymer films: Influence of interface evolution

The dewetting dynamics of ultrathin polymer films, e.g. in the model system of polystyrene on a polydimethylsiloxane-covered substrate, exhibits interesting behavior like a fast decay of the dewetting velocity and a maximum in the width of the built-up rim in the course of time. These features have been recently ascribed to the relaxation of residual stresses in the film that stem from the nonequilibrium preparation of the samples. Recent experiments by Coppee et al. on PS with low molecular weight, where such stresses could not be evidenced, showed however similar behavior. By scaling arguments and numerical solution of a thin film viscoelastic model we show that the maximum in the width of the rim can be caused by a temporal evolution of the friction coefficient (or equivalently of the slip length), for which we discuss two possible mechanisms. In addition, the maximum in the width is affected by the sample age. As a consequence, knowing the temporal behavior of friction (or slip length) in principle allows to measure the aging dynamics of a polymer-polymer interface by simple dewetting experiments.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Wrinkling hierarchy in constrained thin sheets from suspended graphene to curtains

We show that thin sheets under boundary confinement spontaneously generate a universal self-similar hierarchy of wrinkles. From simple geometry arguments and energy scalings, we develop a formalism based on wrinklons, the transition zone in the merging of two wrinkles, as building-blocks of the global pattern. Contrary to the case of crumple paper where elastic energy is focused, this transition is described as smooth in agreement with a recent numerical work. This formalism is validated from hundreds of nm for graphene sheets to meters for ordinary curtains, which shows the universality of our description. We finally describe the effect of an external tension to the distribution of the wrinkles.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, added references, submitted for publicatio

Post‐transplant inotrope score is associated with clinical outcomes after adult heart transplantation

Background: Inotrope score has been proposed as a marker of clinical outcome after adult heart transplantation (HTx) but is rarely used in practice. Methods: Inotrope score during the first 48 h after HTx was calculated in 81 patients as: dopamine + dobutamine + amrinone + milrinone (dose × 15) + epinephrine (dose × 100) + norepinephrine (dose × 100) + enoximone + isoprenaline (dose × 100), with each drug in µg/kg/min. Determinants of inotrope score were identified with linear regression. Cox regression was used to determine the association of inotrope score with mortality. Results: The mean recipient age was 52 ± 11 years, and 32 (39.5%) patients were female. Determinants of inotrope score were preoperative C-reactive protein, serum urea, congenital heart disease, and donor cardiac arrest (R2 = .30). Inotrope score was associated with 5-year mortality, independent of recipient age and gender (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.07). This association was attenuated when adjusting for female-to-male transplant and ischemia time. Inotrope score was also strongly associated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.12). Conclusion: High inotrope score post-HTx was observed in recipient congenital heart disease and was associated with a higher risk of mortality and acute kidney injury

Histopathological and Molecular Features of a Conjunctival Caruncular Deep Penetrating Nevus

We describe the first presentation of a deep penetrating nevus (DPN) on the lacrimal caruncle. This lesion was seen in an 18-year-old woman presenting with hemorrhage of a long-standing pigmented mass on the caruncle. Histology showed a combined melanocytic neoplasm that consisted of two different melanocytic components. The differential diagnosis, based on histological examination, was a conventional melanocytic nevus, a Spitz nevus, or a combined melanocytic nevus. On the molecular level, one of the components revealed a mutation in the CTNNB

Current and novel renal biomarkers in heart failure

Renal function is the most important predictor of clinical outcome in heart failure (HF). It is therefore essential to have accurate and reliable measurement of renal function and early specific markers of renal impairment in patients with HF. Several renal functional entities exist, including glomerular filtration (GFR), glomerular permeability, tubulointerstitial damage, and endocrine function. Different markers have been studied that can be used to determine changes and the effect of treatment in these entities. In the present review, we summarize current and novel markers that give an assessment of renal function and prognosis in the setting of acute and chronic HF

Role and Position of the Modern Quality Assurance Manager

Quality assurance management in the food industry is complex, as it is the total of activities and decisions performed in an organisation to produce and maintain a safe product with the desired quality level against minimal costs (Luning, 2006). It includes: i) quality design, ii) quality control, iii) quality improvement, iv) quality assurance, and v) quality policy and strategy (Luning, 2007, 2009). Hence, it deals not only with all physical aspects of food products and their technological processes, but also with food handlers’ decisions in daily production as well as management’s decisions that impact food safety and quality (Luning, 2007). A proper quality management (i.e. total quality management) have shown to result in a better performance of the food business (Psomas, 2010; Fotopoulos, 2009, 2010)