Anatomy of stem in some Euphorbiaceae –II

This communication includes stem anatomical characteristics of 17 species of the 17 euphorbiaceous genera. The observations pertain to the epidermis, hypodermis, cortex, vascular tissues and pith. The cell wall contours have been described in detail. Occurrence of cell inclusions is also noted in different tissues of the stem – axes. The authors are inclined to state that the anatomical features of stem axes are taxonomically significant

Nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate uptake by the immobilized cells of Dunaliella salina

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Bio-based sustainable aerogels: New sensation in CO2 capture

Bio-based aerogels with customizable porosities and functionalities constitute significant potential for CO2 capture. Developing bio-based aerogels from different polysaccharides and proteins is a safe, economical, and environmentally sustainable approach. Polysaccharides are biodegradable, sustainable, renewable, and plentiful in nature. Because of these advantages, the use of bio-based aerogels with porosity and amine functionality has attracted considerable interest. In this review we have discussed the recent development in the synthesis of bio-based aerogels and their application in CO2 capture

Flux jumps, Second Magnetization Peak anomaly and the Peak Effect phenomenon in single crystals of YNi2B2CYNi_2B_2C and LuNi2B2CLuNi_2B_2C

We present magnetization measurements in single crystals of the tetragonal $YNi_2B_2C$ compound, which exhibit the phenomenon of peak effect as well as the second magnetization peak anomaly for H $>$ 0.5T (H $||$ c). At the lower field (50mT $<$ H $<$ 200mT), we have observed the presence of flux jumps, which seem to relate to a structural change in the local symmetry of the flux line lattice (a first order re-orientation transition across a local field in some parts of the sample, in the range of 100mT to 150mT). These flux jumps are also observed in a single crystal of $LuNi_2B_2C$ for H $||$ c in the field region from 2 mT to 25 mT, which are compatible with the occurrence of a re-orientation transition at a lower field in a cleaner crystal of this compound, as compared to those of $YNi_2B_2C$. Vortex phase diagrams drawn for H $||$ c in $LuNi_2B_2C$ and $YNi_2B_2C$ show that the ordered elastic glass phase spans a larger part of (H, T) space in the former as compared to latter, thereby, reaffirming the difference in the relative purity of the two samples.Comment: 11 pages, 14 figure

A Constitutive Modeling and Experimental Effect of Shock Wave on the Microstructural Sub-strengthening of Granular Copper

Micro-sized copper powder (99.95%; O≤0.3) has been shock-processed with explosives of high detonation velocities of the order of 7.5km/s to observe the structural and microstructural sub-strengthening. Axisymmetric shock-consolidation technique has been used to obtain conglomerates of granular Cu. The technique involves the cylindrical compaction system wherein the explosive-charge is in direct proximity with the powder whereas the other uses indirect shock pressure with die-plunger geometry. Numeric simulations have been performed on with Eulerian code dynamics. The simulated results show a good agreement with the experimental observation of detonation parameters like detonation velocity, pressure, particle velocity and shock pressure in the reactive media. A pin contactor method has been utilized to calculate the detonation pressure experimentally. Wide angled x-ray diffraction studies reveal that the crystalline structure (FCC) of the shocked specimen matches with the un-shocked specimen. Field emissive scanning electron microscopic examination of the compacted specimens show a good sub-structural strengthening and complement the theoretical considerations. Laser diffraction based particle size analyzer also points towards the reduced particle size of the shock-processed specimen under high detonation velocities. Micro-hardness tests conducted under variable loads of 0.1kg, 0.05kg and 0.025kg force with diamond indenter optical micrographs indicate a high order of micro-hardness of the order of 159Hv. Nitrogen pycnometry used for the density measurement of the compacts shows that a compacted density of the order of 99.3% theoretical mean density has been achieved

Comprehensive Survey on the Techniques used in Weighing and Recording Systems

Today farmers are facing more problems about fruit’s weight measuring and recording at the time of their final cost calculation while selling to the agents. Now a day, weighing issues are the most important in concern with the issues of farmers everywhere in the agriculture field, so weighing of everything from farm gains higher and higher importance in recent years. Here in this paper, trying to introduce the comprehensive literature study related to the various measuring systems that are necessary in the fields such as agriculture, industries and market. Weighing and measuring where possibilities of incursion are increasing day by day. In past days, the research is gone on various weighing and measuring systems, which provided the solution to manual methods. Due to the advancement in recent techniques, some weighing systems are based on microcontroller, ARM11, dynamic, fuzzy-logic, force-sensing, image-processing, filter, online, sensor network, and LVDT based etc. Every system has its own advantages and disadvantages. In most of systems, strain gauge technique is used for weighing so the system will become cost effective, more reliable and it will take less time to stores the many reading for continuous measuring process. The weight measuring systems today needs to make use of the latest technology. In some papers, the authors have presented weighing systems based on embedded and PLC and sometimes the load sensors is connected by online and sensor network. Hence, it could not easily hack the data of weighing records by hackers. A lot of modification takes places in various weighing and recording systems from the last few years, in next coming years many changes will takes place

Exploring metastability via the third harmonic measurements in single crystals of 2H2H-NbSe2NbSe_2 showing anomalous Peak effect

We explore the metastability effects across the order-disorder transition pertaining to the peak effect phenomenonon in critical current density ($J_c$) via the first and the third harmonic ac susceptibility measurements in the weakly pinned single crystals of $2H$-$NbSe_2$. An analysis of our data suggests that an imprint of the limiting (spinodal) temperature above which $J_c$ is path independent can be conveniently located in the third harmonic data ($\chi_{3\omega}^{\prime}$).Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Feeding behaviour and pugmark analysis of elephants in Sarguja, Chhattisgarh

The pugmark analysis of the elephants offers basic information to track the wild elephant migratory route, identification and census. For its study, four blocks viz, Sitapur, Lundra, Batouli (Sarguja district) and Farsabahar (Jashpur district) of northern Chhattisgarh were selected because these blocks are commonly visited by elephants and a major path route of movement of heard in inter/intra state. The most commonly consumed species belongs to family poaceae (22.58%) followed by fabaceae (19.35%) but their diet was mainly dependent on availability of seasonal food round the year and on their migration. Elephants extensively fed on Artocarpus heterophyllus, Syzygium cumini, Acacia nilotica, A. catechu, Dalbergia sissoo, Zizyphus mauritiana, Aegle marmelos and Ficus species, besides these elephants also utilized various grasses and shrubs as their food, which mainly included Dendrocalamus strictus, Cynodon dactylon etc. Elephants sometimes spent long time to feed on some particular plant species like D. strictus and Ficus species. Crop raiding, which was sporadic during the rainy season, gradually increased with more area being cultivated with the onset of monsoon. Analysis of pugmark revealed that the circumference varied from 63.80 cm to 172.70 cm whereas length x width varied from 22x20 cm to 60x55 cm, which reflects a substantial variation/differentiation of individual in heard in respect of their age, sex, size etcTherefore, management implications are needed to conserve the corridors for their long term survival and reduction of HEC. The study will be helpful to provide key information and facilitate better understating of the scenario to the forest department, policy maker and conservationist to plan, manage and improve the habitat towards the restoration and afforestation of suitable palatable species preferred by elephants of northern corridors of Chhattisgarh