Chronic pain assessments in children and adolescents : a systematic literature review of the selection, administration, interpretation, and reporting of unidimensional pain intensity scales

Background. Advances in pain assessment approaches now indicate which measures should be used to capture chronic pain experiences in children and adolescents. However, there is little guidance on how these tools should best be administered and reported, such as which time frames to use or how pain scores are categorised as mild, moderate, or severe. Objective. To synthesise current evidence on unidimensional, single-item pain intensity scale selection, administration, interpretation, and reporting. Methods. Databases were searched (inception: 18 January 2016) for studies in which unidimensional pain intensity assessments were used with children and adolescents with chronic pain. Ten quality criteria were developed by modifying existing recommendations to evaluate the quality of administration of pain scales most commonly used with children. Results. Forty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. The highest score achieved was 7 out of a possible 10 (median: 5; IQR: 4–6). Usage of scales varied markedly in administrator/completer, highest anchors, number of successive assessments, and time referent periods used. Conclusions. Findings suggest these scales are selected, administered, and interpreted inconsistently, even in studies of the same type. Furthermore, methods of administration are rarely reported or justified making it impossible to compare findings across studies. This article concludes by recommending criteria for the future reporting of paediatric chronic pain assessments in studies

Bell-Type Quantum Field Theories

In [Phys. Rep. 137, 49 (1986)] John S. Bell proposed how to associate particle trajectories with a lattice quantum field theory, yielding what can be regarded as a |Psi|^2-distributed Markov process on the appropriate configuration space. A similar process can be defined in the continuum, for more or less any regularized quantum field theory; such processes we call Bell-type quantum field theories. We describe methods for explicitly constructing these processes. These concern, in addition to the definition of the Markov processes, the efficient calculation of jump rates, how to obtain the process from the processes corresponding to the free and interaction Hamiltonian alone, and how to obtain the free process from the free Hamiltonian or, alternatively, from the one-particle process by a construction analogous to "second quantization." As an example, we consider the process for a second quantized Dirac field in an external electromagnetic field.Comment: 53 pages LaTeX, no figure

Are All Particles Identical?

We consider the possibility that all particles in the world are fundamentally identical, i.e., belong to the same species. Different masses, charges, spins, flavors, or colors then merely correspond to different quantum states of the same particle, just as spin-up and spin-down do. The implications of this viewpoint can be best appreciated within Bohmian mechanics, a precise formulation of quantum mechanics with particle trajectories. The implementation of this viewpoint in such a theory leads to trajectories different from those of the usual formulation, and thus to a version of Bohmian mechanics that is inequivalent to, though arguably empirically indistinguishable from, the usual one. The mathematical core of this viewpoint is however rather independent of the detailed dynamical scheme Bohmian mechanics provides, and it amounts to the assertion that the configuration space for N particles, even N ``distinguishable particles,'' is the set of all N-point subsets of physical 3-space.Comment: 12 pages LaTeX, no figure

Ordinary-derivative formulation of conformal totally symmetric arbitrary spin bosonic fields

Conformal totally symmetric arbitrary spin bosonic fields in flat space-time of even dimension greater than or equal to four are studied. Second-derivative (ordinary-derivative) formulation for such fields is developed. We obtain gauge invariant Lagrangian and the corresponding gauge transformations. Gauge symmetries are realized by involving the Stueckelberg and auxiliary fields. Realization of global conformal boost symmetries on conformal gauge fields is obtained. Modified de Donder gauge condition and de Donder-Stueckelberg gauge condition are introduced. Using the de Donder-Stueckelberg gauge frame, equivalence of the ordinary-derivative and higher-derivative approaches is demonstrated. On-shell degrees of freedom of the arbitrary spin conformal field are analyzed. Ordinary-derivative light-cone gauge Lagrangian of conformal fields is also presented. Interrelations between the ordinary-derivative gauge invariant formulation of conformal fields and the gauge invariant formulation of massive fields are discussed.Comment: 51 pages, v2: Results and conclusions of v1 unchanged. In Sec.3, brief review of higher-derivative approaches added. In Sec.4, new representations for Lagrangian, modified de Donder gauge, and de Donder-Stueckelberg gauge added. In Sec.5, discussion of interrelations between the ordinary-derivative and higher-derivative approaches added. Appendices A,B,C,D and references adde

Several Environmental Factors Related with Endemicity Status of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever

Latar belakang: Faktor lingkungan mempengaruhi kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifi kasi faktor-faktor lingkungan yang berkaitan dengan status endemisitas DBDdi Gunungkidul.Metode: Data dikumpulkan dengan studi potong lintang pada bulan Oktober-Desember 2010. Sampel rumah dipilih dengan multistage sampling. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 155 rumah masing-masing daerah sporadic dan non-aporadik DBD. Data yang dilakukan dengan observasi langsung meliputi tipe rumah, jarak antar rumah, tinggi tanaman, luas tanaman, dan rimbunan tanaman. Risiko relatif (RR) diperhitungkan menggunakan Stata 9.Hasil: Rimbunan tanaman, tipe rumah, dan jarak antar rumah merupakan tiga faktor lingkungan dominan terhadap status endemisitas DBD. Jika dibandingkan daerah dengan area dengan rimbunan tanaman yangjarang, daerah dengan rimbunan tanaman sinambung merata memiliki risiko 2,5 kali menjadi endemis DBD [95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 1.95-3.13]. Selanjutnya, area dengan jarak antara rumah yang sangatdekat dibandingkan dengan jarak antar rumah 10 m atau lebih memiliki risiko lebih tinggi menjadi daerah endemik.Kesimpulan: Semakin rimbun tanaman di sekitar rumah dan semakin dekat jarak antara rumah mempertinggi risiko status endemik DBD. (Health Science Indones 2012;1:27-30)Kata kunci: status endemisitas, DBD, lingkungan AbstrackBackground: Epidemiologically, environmental factors also affect the incidence of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF). The purpose of this study was to identify environmental factors related to the endemicity statusof DHF in district of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta.Methods: A cross sectional study has been done in endemic and sporadic area. Collected data conducted in October-December 2010. Samples of house were selected by multistage sampling. Samples of this study consisted of 155 houses of each area. Data collected by observation survey. The data were house type, distance between houses, plants height, plants area, and hedge plants. Relative risk (RR) was estimated using STATA 9 software.Results: Our fi nal model suggested that there were three risk factors (hedge plants, house type, and distance between the houses) were dominant risk factors for endemicity status of DHF. Compared with rare hedge plants area, area with hedge plants evenly continuous had 2.5 times risk to be endemic DHF [adjusted relative risk (RR) = 2.47; 95% confi dence interval (CI) = 1.95-3.13]. In term of house type, compared with temporary housing, semi-permanent as well as permanent houses were less risk to be endemic DHF area. In addition, compared with the area with distant between houses (10 m or more), the area with medium, near, as well as very near distant between houses had higher risk to be endemic area.Conclusion: More continuous hedge plants, and the closer the distance between the houses, increasing the risk of endemicity status of DHF. (Health Science Indones 2012;1:27-30

Pathogenic Leptospira Contamination in Household Water in Settlement Area of Demak Regency

Leptospirosis merupakan penyakit zoonosis penting di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Penularan penyakit ini dapat terjadi melalui kontak dengan air yang terkontaminasi bakteri Leptospira patogen. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeteksi Leptospira patogen pada air konsumsi di pemukiman Kabupaten Demak. Penelitian observasional ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli 2014. Sebanyak 15 sampel air konsumsi dikumpulkan dari area pemukiman di sekitar kasus leptospirosis terbaru di Kabupaten Demak. Sampel diperiksa menggunakan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) untuk mendeteksi kontaminasi Leptospira patogenik dengan gen target LipL32. Lima sampel (46,7%) menunjukkan kontaminasi positif dari spesies patogenik dari Leptospira berdasarkan PCR. Leptospira patogenik dapat dideteksi dalam lingkungan Demak dan ini berpotensi menyebabkan terjadinya penularan leptospirosis. Kata kunci: Leptospira, air konsumsi, Dema

Penentuan Prioritas Pengembangan Infrastruktur Kawasan Wisata Bahari di Desa Sumberejo, Desa Lojejer, dan Desa Puger Kulon, Kabupaten Jember Berdasarkan Preferensi Pengunjung dan Masyarakat

Kabupaten Jember memiliki kawasan wisata bahari dengan lima pantai yang berkarakteristik berbeda-beda pada ODTW yang dimiliki. Pantai Watu Ulo, Pantai Papuma, dan Pantai Puger memiliki jumlah pengunjung yang mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya dan merupakan penyumbang kontribusi terbesar pada jumlah wisatawan di Kabupaten Jember. Akan tetapi hal tersebut tidak diimbangi dengan adanya infrastruktur kawasan wisata yang memadai untuk mendukung kegiatan wisata di dalamnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa prioritas pengembangan infrastruktur berdasarkan preferensi pengunjung dan masyarakat melalui tingkat kepentingan dan kinerja infrastruktur kawasan wisata bahari dengan teknik IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis). Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah berupa prioritas pengembangan infrastruktur dalam mendukung kegiatan wisata bahari di Kabupaten Jember. Infrastruktur yang menjadi prioritas pengembangan di kawasan wisata bahari Kabupaten Jember adalah kondisi jalan, moda transportasi, fasilitas pendukung transportasi, sarana rekreasi, dan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan

Efektifitas Penerapan E-Government Pada Dinas Kependudukan Dan Catatan Sipil Kabupaten Sragen Dalam Program Sistem Informasi Administrasi Kependudukan (SIAK)

Reasons of this paper is that the Population and Civil Registration Agency Sragen is one district in Indonesia which was awarded Best Of The Best e-Government Award 2007 from Warta Ekonomi in e-Government implementation. One implementation of e-Government in Sragen is application in SIAK2program. SIAK is a web-based information system that is based on the procedures and standards used specifically aimed at managing the administrative system in the field of population in order to achieve orderly administration and also help the officers to held in the population and civil registration service. Population Administration Information System in Sragen based on Sragen Local Regulation No. 10 of 2011 on the Implementation of Civil Affairs. The main guidelines for the application of SIAK regulated in Regulation No. 23 of 2006 on Population Administration and Government Regulation No. 37 of 2007 on the Implementation of Law No. 23 of 2006 concerning Population Administration. In addition, SIAK also regulated in Presidential Decree No. 88 of 2004 on Management of Population Administration.The purpose of this study is determine the effectiveness of the implementation of e-Government at the Civil Registration and Population Agency Regency Sragen in the Population Administration Information System (SIAK) program and constraints encountered in implementation. This study uses descriptive qualititative type of method in order to obtain a clear picture of the object under study and draw conclusions.The results shows that the application of SIAK program at Population and Civil Registration Agency Sragen is effective, visible, and run faster. But there are still this in dealing with human resources SIAK program, there are SIAK officers in districts thathave not been able to operate the program SIAK to the absence of training for operators SIAK.

Corporate Governance terhadap Tax Avoidance pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji bagaimana Pengaruh Dewan Direksi Independen, Kepemilikan Manajemen dan Komite Audit, terhadap Penghidaran Pajak pada Perusahaan Industri metal dan sejenisnya yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2012-2016. Pengukuran Tax Avoidance menggunakan CETR. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 45 sampel yang terdiri dari Sembilan Perusahaan selama 5 tahun. Jenis penelitian yang mengunakan metode kuantitatif meupakan adalah dengan menggunakan pendekatan non random sampling. Teknis analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Proporsi Dewan Komisaris berpengaruh terhadap penghindaran pajak (tax avoidance) dengan nilai signifikannya sebesar 0,033 < 0,050). Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa H1 yang diajukan dalam penelitian diterima dan terbukti, Komite Audit berpengaruh terhadap penghindaran pajak (tax avoidance) dengan nilai signifikannya sebesar 0,018 < 0,050) dan Kepemilikan Manajemen tidak berpengaruh terhadap penghindaran pajak (tax avoidance) dengan nilai signifikannya sebesar 0,149 > 0,050)

Trajectories and Particle Creation and Annihilation in Quantum Field Theory

We develop a theory based on Bohmian mechanics in which particle world lines can begin and end. Such a theory provides a realist description of creation and annihilation events and thus a further step towards a "beable-based" formulation of quantum field theory, as opposed to the usual "observable-based" formulation which is plagued by the conceptual difficulties--like the measurement problem--of quantum mechanics.Comment: 11 pages LaTeX, no figures; v2: references added and update