Review and evaluation of past solar cell development efforts

Bibliography on photovoltaic effect and solar cell developmen

Thin-film GaAs photovoltaic solar energy cells Final report

Thin film gallium arsenide photovoltaic solar cell

Review and evaluation of past solar cell development efforts Semiannual report, Jun. 1 - Nov. 30, 1967

Historical review of scientific work on photovoltaic effects and on energy conversion devices using this effec

Optimizing solar-cell grid geometry

Trade-off analysis and mathematical expressions calculate optimum grid geometry in terms of various cell parameters. Determination of the grid geometry provides proper balance between grid resistance and cell output to optimize the energy conversion process

Miranda and the State Constitution: State Courts Take a Stand

This Note examines how state courts have interpreted state constitutional guarantees of the privilege against self-incrimination independently of the Supreme Court\u27s construction of the fifth amendment. Part II focuses on the historical and theoretical underpinnings of state constitutional law and examines state courts\u27renewed reliance on their state constitutions. Part III discusses the Supreme Court\u27s interpretation of the fifth amendment in Miranda and its progeny. Part IV presents the states\u27 response to Supreme Court holdings and surveys state court decisions interpreting state constitutions\u27 self-incrimination provisions more broadly than the fifth amendment. Finally, Part V examines the potential for further growth in this area of state constitutional jurisprudence and encourages state courts to develop reasoned, independent interpretations of state self-incrimination provisions

Choice, Conscience, and Context

In this commentary, Professor Crossley uses Professor Shapiro\u27s Article as a springboard for considering two practices that increasingly are becoming part of the new reproductive landscape: selective reduction of multiple pregnancy and prenatal genetic testing to enable selective abortion. Professor Crossley considers how these practices might affect our understanding of personhood, particularly with respect to the types of criticisms that Professor Shapiro addresses in his Article. The nature of the threat to personhood posed by the use of selective reduction depends on whether a couple pursuing aggressive infertility treatment is fully informed, prior to commencing treatment, of the risks of multiple pregnancy and the availability of selective reduction; some impact on our respect for persons, however,may occur in either scenario. With respect to prenatal genetic testing, Professor Crossley articulates arguments that the practice may erode the noncontingent bonds between parent and child, promote eugenic attitudes, and encourage reductivism in how persons are understood in our society. Acknowledging that the concerns about the impact of selective reduction and prenatal testing are speculative, Professor Crossley\u27s suggested response is to pay more attention to the context in which decisions about the use of new reproductive technologies are made. The purpose is to encourage the shaping of contexts that will encourage informed, reflective, values-based decision making. Aside from any possible impact on the substantive outcome of decisions, simply engaging in the process of moral reasoning strengthens our personhood and thus buttresses it against any threats posed by the new reproductive technologies

Is there a commercial case for tropical timber certification?

The authors estimate the potential commercial benefits that tropical timber producing countries could enjoy by adopting timber certification schemes. Such benefits are crucial for encouraging the supply of certified timber. Timber certification is a reality: various countries and organizations have launched initiatives for it. The initial response among producing countries was less than positive, but some have come to realize its potential benefits and have begun to adopt timber certification schemes. Tropical timber trade accounts for only a small fraction of tropical timber production, and most of that trade is concentrated among developing countries in Asia and Japan - markets where demand for certified timber is currently weak. Only a small part of the trade reaches the eco-sensitive markets of Europe and the United States, where there is demand for certified timber. Developing countries can benefit commercially from timber certification in two ways: through the"green premium"(consumers'willingness to pay a premium for certified timber"and by averting losses of market share in the tropical timber market from not having timber certified. Based on surveys, on discussions with nongovernmental organizations, on market participants and analysts, and on estimates of price elasticity, the authors develop a scenario for estimating the potential commercial benefits from adopting timber certification. Under this scenario, benefits would not exceed US$500 million a year (roughly 4 percent of all tropical-timber-related revenues earned by developing countries). Timber certification is not expected to provide significant commercial benefits to developing countries in the near future. But timber certification could provide significant rents to individual firms that develop market niche strategies. And producing countries that pursue certification may enjoy longer-term social, economic, and environmental benefits by adopting the better forest management practices required for timber certification.Environmental Economics&Policies,Silviculture,Agribusiness&Markets,Roads&Highways,Forests and Forestry,Environmental Economics&Policies,Forestry,Silviculture,Agribusiness&Markets,Roads&Highways

Short-lived Radio Bursts from the Crab Pulsar

Our high-time-resolution observations reveal that individual main pulses from the Crab pulsar contain one or more short-lived microbursts. Both the energy and duration of bursts measured above 1 GHz can vary dramatically in less than a millisecond. These fluctuations are too rapid to be caused by propagation through turbulence in the Crab Nebula or the interstellar medium; they must be intrinsic to the radio emission process in the pulsar. The mean duration of a burst varies with frequency as $\nu^{-2}$, significantly different from the broadening caused by interstellar scattering. We compare the properties of the bursts to some simple models of microstructure in the radio emission region.Comment: 34 pages, 10 figures; accepted for publication in Ap

Lentiviral manipulation of gene expression in human adult and embryonic stem cells

Human stem cells could revolutionize the field of medicine by providing a diverse range of cell types for tissue replacement therapies and drug discovery. To achieve this goal, genetic tools need to be optimized and developed for controlling and manipulating stem cells ex vivo. Here we describe a lentiviral delivery system capable of high infection rates in human mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells. The lentiviral backbone was modified to express mono- and bi-cistronic transgenes and was also used to deliver short hairpin ribonucleic acid for specific silencing of gene expression in human stem cells. We show that lentiviral transduction can be used to alter gene expression without altering the genes' ability to differentiate in vitro. These vectors will enable rapid analysis of gene function in stem cells and permit the generation of knock-in / knock-out models of human disease in the rapidly developing field of gene therapy