Factors Affecting Quality of Sleep in Intensive Care Unit

Background: The etiology of sleep disruption in intensive care unit is poorly known and often ignored complication. It is caused by the environmental factors especially pain, noise, diagnostic testing and human interventions that cause sleep disruption. Light, medications and activities related to patient care interfere with patient's ability to have good sleep. There are multi-factorial environmental etiologies for disruption of sleep in ICU. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors disturbing the sleep quality in intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients. Methodology: A cross sectional study was designed involving 150 patients admitted in intensive care unit and high dependency unit of Gulab Devi Chest Hospital. The duration of study was from September 2015 to March 2016. The questionnaire was made and filled with the help of patients. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.00. Results: Mean age of patients was 50.46+10.96 with maximum age of 65 and minimum age of 30 years. There was 53.33% male patients and 46.67% females participating in this study. The sleep quality was significantly poor in ICU than at home. After analysis, 54.67% patients were with poor quality of sleep due to pain and 48.67% were due to noise of environmental stimuli. The other factors were alarms, light and loud talking. Conclusion: Current study shows that reduced sleep quality is a common problem in ICU with multi-factorial etiologies. Patient reported the poor sleep quality in ICU due to environmental issues that are potentially modifiable. Conclusion: Current study shows that reduced sleep quality is a common problem in ICU with multi-factorial etiologies. Patient reported the poor sleep quality in ICU due to environmental issues that are potentially modifiable

Suggestion systems: a usability-based evaluation model

Usability has been used to design and assess products and websites. This paper takes the concept of usability one step further and proposes a framework to assess suggestion systems. Thus taking the concept of usability one step further and applying it in the area of ideas management through suggestion system. The fundamental premise of the article is that a suggestion system designed, with usability in mind, will improve innovation among employees, and hence increase participation. This framework was then used to assess four suggestion systems in an oil and gas company in the middle-east. These systems were further assessed for employee perception of their usability and participation. After collecting data on these three different aspects conclusions are drawn. Out of the four systems analyzed, the most usable suggestion system had the highest participation rate and the least usable system attracted the fewest suggestions

Pregnant Mothers\u27 Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Preventions of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Harar Town, Ethiopia

Low maternal risk perception, poor dietary practice and low adherence to iron and folate tablets among pregnant women are major contributors for higher burden of anemia. Iron deficiency anemia contribute to more than half of Anemia among pregnant women. Thus the level of maternal awareness and attitude towards dietary and other prevention practices of anemia are not well established in the study area. This study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant mothers towards the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in Ethiopia, 2018. Hospital based cross sectionals study was conducted on randomly selected, 128 pregnant mothers attending antenatal care service in Harar town. Data were collected by health professionals using pre tested questionnaire containing socio demographic, knowledge, attitude and practice related questions. Attitude questions were organized in five Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree using positive statements. Similarly, practices were assessed in yes/no (appropriate practices were scored as yes or no otherwise). Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 using frequency, tables, graphs and means. Pearson correlation with r was used to assess the relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice. Analysis of Variance was used to compare the mean practice by different factors. Knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women on preventions of IDA are not satisfactory. Thus poor practice towards prevention of IDA is the main contributing factor for high burden of anemia

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pengguna Jasa Angkutan Kota Di Palu

Angkutan merupakan sarana untuk memindahkan barang atau orang dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain yang dikehendaki, atau mengirim barang dari tempat asal ke tempat tujuan. Angkutan terdiri dari angkutan orang dengan kendaraan bermotor seperti sepeda motor, mobil penumpang, maupun tak bermotor dan angkutan barang. Dilihat dari kepemilikannya angkutan dibedakan menjadi angkutan pribadi dan Angkutan kota. Angkutan kota sebagai sarana angkutan untuk masyarakat kecil dan menengah dapat melaksanakan kegiatannya sesuai dengan tugas dan fungsinya dalam masyarakat. Pengguna Angkutan kota ini bervariasi, mulai dari buruh, ibu rumah tangga, mahasiswa, pelajar, dan lain-lain. Rumusan masalah yang dibahas adalah : Pertama Bagaimana perlindungan hukum terhadap penumpang angkutan kota di kota palu ? Kedua Bagaimana upaya hukum yang dapat dilakukan oleh penumpang jika terjadi kerugian yang diakibatkan oleh kesalahan pengangkut. Tujuan Penulisan ini dilakukan oleh penulis agar dapat menyajikan data yang akurat sehingga dapat memberi manfaat dan mampu menyelesaikan masalah. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka penelitian mempunyai tujuan sebagai berikut : Pertama Untuk mengetahui perlindungan hukum terhadap penumpang Angkutan kota. Kedua Untuk mengetahui upaya hukum yang dapat dilakukan oleh penumpang akibat kesalahan dari pengangkut. Adapun Pengumpulan data dalam studi kasus ini menggunakan kajian yuridis normatif dan yuridis empiris. Kesimpulan yang dapat disajikan dalam penelitian ini adalah :Pertama Perlindungan hukum terhadap pengguna Jasa Angkutan Kota (Angkot) di Kota Palu sangat diperlukan dalam menjamin keselamatan penumpang itu sendiri sehingga tercipta perasaan aman dan tentram dalam menggunakan jasa Angkutan kota yang ada di Kota Palu. Kedua Menurut Peraturan Daerah Kota Palu mengenai lalulintas dan angkutan jalan diancam pidana kurungan paling lama 6 bulan atau denda paling banyak 4 kali jumlah retribusi terutang. Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan mengatur tentang Ketentuan Pidana yang dapat menyebabkan Angkutan Kota yang melakukan pelanggaran terhadap Kenyamanan penumpang dapat dihukum sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku

The large-scale morphology of IRAS galaxies

At present, visual inspection is the only method for comparing the large-scale morphologies in the distribution of galaxies to those in model universes generated by N-body simulations. To remedy the situation, we have developed a set of three structure functions (S1, S2, S3) that quantify the degree of large-scale prolateness, oblateness, and sphericity/uniformity of a 3-D particle distribution and have applied them to a volume-limited (less than = 4000 km/s) sample of 699 IRAS galaxies with f sub 60 greater than 1.2 Jy. To determine the structure functions, we randomly select 500 galaxies as origins of spherical windows of radius R sub w, locate the centroid of the galaxies in the window (assuming all galaxies have equal mass) and then, compute the principal moments of inertia (I sub 1, I sub 2, I sub 3) about the centroid. Each S sub i is a function of (I sub 2)/(I sub 1) and (I sub 3)/I sub 1). S1, S2, and S3 tend to unity for highly prolate, oblate, and uniform distributions, respectively and tend to zero otherwise. The resulting 500 values of S sub i at each scale R sub w are used to construct a histogram

Status Perjanjian Nuklir antara Iran dengan E3/eu+3(Jerman, Perancis, Inggris, China, Rusia, Amerika Serikat, dan Uni Eropa) yang Disahkan Dk Pbb Ditinjau dari Hukum Internasional

Alfian Syahri* Dr. Jelly Leviza , S.H, M.Hum ** Arif, S.H., M.Hum*** ABSTRACT International treaties are part of International law. International agreements can be made between countries and countries with International Organizations or between International organizations with International organizations. On July 14, 2015 an agreement was reached between Iran and the E3 / EU + 3 (China, France, Germany, Russia, Britain and the United States, as well as the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy) of the agreement JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plant of Action), but then ratified the UN Security Council. How an agreement can be passed back when I have reached an agreement. And whether they have in accordance with the provisions of International law. This is the background of this research. The problem in this research is how setting restrictions on the use of nuclear in various International agreements in force today, how the status of nuclear agreement between Iran and the E3 / EU + 3 (Germany, France, Britain, China, Russia, the United States and the European Union) that ratified the UN Security Council in terms of International law, how the sanctions of law arising in the event of violations of the nuclear agreement between Iran and the E3 / EU + 3 (Germany, France, Britain, China, Russia, the United States and the European Union) adopted the UN Security Council to be reviewed of International law. The method used normative, meaning that the study refers to the rule of law. Normative juridical research is legal research literature, by collecting data in the literature study (library research) relating to the Status of Nuclear Agreement Between Iran and the E3 / EU + 3 endorsed the UNSC Seen From the International Law. The conclusion of this research to develop a nuclear state but only for peaceful purposes is not to create nuclear weapons and prohibited to conduct testing of nuclear weapons. Regarding the agreement between Iran and the E3 / EU + 3 was legal under International law because it has fulfilled the elements of the agreement say it is valid. Regarding sanctions adopted earlier by the UN Security Council, European Union, and the United States will be revoked if Iran meets the requirements made in JCPOA although if Iran violates the provisions which have been agreed in JCPOA that the sanctions that have been prevailing against Iran will be re-done , Conversely, if the parties have not removed the sanctions Iran entitled to a stay of nuclear manage without the prescribed limit as contained in the JCPOA. Keyword : Perjanjian Internasional, JCPOA, Iran, Nuclear *) Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum **) Dosen Pembimbing I ***) Dosen Pembimbing II Alfian Syahri* Dr. Jelly Leviza , S.H, M.Hum ** Arif, S.H., M.Hum*** ABSTRAK Perjanjian Internasional merupakan bagian dari hukum Internasional. Perjanjian Internasional dapat dibuat antar negara maupun negara dengan Organisasi Internasional ataupun antara organisasi Internasional dengan organisasi Internasional. Pada tanggal 14 Juli 2015 dicapai kesepakatan antara Iran dengan E3/EU+3 (China, Prancis, Jerman, Rusia, Inggris and Amerika Serikat, serta Perwakilan Tinggi Uni Eropa untuk Urusan Luar Negeri dan Kebijakan Keamanan) tentang perjanjian JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plant of Action), namun kemudian disahkan DK PBB. Bagaimana suatu perjanjian dapat disahkan kembali padahal telah dicapainya kesepakatan. Serta apakah telah sesuai dengan ketentuan hukum Internasional. Hal tersebut yang melatarbelakangi dilakukan penelitian ini. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pengaturan pembatasan penggunaan nuklir dalam berbagai perjanjian Internasional yang berlaku saat ini, bagaimana status perjanjian nuklir antara Iran dengan E3/EU+3 (Jerman, Perancis, Inggris, China, Rusia, Amerika Serikat, dan Uni Eropa) yang disahkan DK PBB ditinjau dari hukum Internasional, bagaimana sanksi hukum yang timbul bila terjadi pelanggaran terhadap perjanjian nuklir antara Iran dengan E3/EU+3(Jerman, Perancis, Inggris, China, Rusia, Amerika Serikat, dan Uni Eropa) yang disahkan DK PBB ditinjau dari hukum Internasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yuridis normatif, artinya penelitian mengacu pada norma hukum. Penelitian yuridis normatif adalah penelitian hukum kepustakaan, dengan melakukan pengumpulan data secara studi pustaka (library research) yang berkaitan dengan Status Perjanjian Nuklir Antara Iran dengan E3/EU+3 yang disahkan DK PBB Ditinjau Dari Hukum Internasional. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini negara dapat mengembangkan nuklir tetapi hanya untuk tujuan damai tidak untuk membuat senjata nuklir serta dilarang untuk melakukan percobaan senjata nuklir. Mengenai perjanjian antara Iran dengan E3/EU+3 adalah sah menurut hukum Internasional karena telah memenuhi unsur-unsur dikatakan perjanjian itu sah. Mengenai sanksi yang diterapkan sebelumnya oleh DK PBB, Uni Eropa, dan Amerika Serikat akan dicabut apabila Iran memenuhi persyaratan yang dibuat didalam JCPOA tersebut, namun apabila Iran melanggar ketetapan-ketetapan yang telah disepakati didalam JCPOA tersebut maka sanksi yang pernah berlaku terhadap Iran akan kembali dilakukan. Sebaliknya jika pihak-pihak tersebut belum mencabut sanksinya Iran berhak tetap pada pendiriannya mengelola nuklir tanpa batas yang ditentukan seperti yang ada didalam JCPOA tersebut

Kedudukan Perjanjian Ekonomi antara Pemerintah Daerah dengan Lembaga Internasional Ditinjau dari Hukum Nasional dan Internasional

SI The need for relationships between members of a community with other members of society with the growing technological advances in the field of transport, communication and information. In this regard, the government has enacted the Law number 37 of 1999 on Foreign Relations and the Law Number 24 Year 2000 on the International Covenant which is the result of the ratification of the Vienna Convention of 1969 and 1986. The second law provides a strong legal foundation for the organizers of foreign relations, foreign economic cooperation of local governments

Phase behavior of two-component lipid membranes: theory and experiments

The structure of the ripple phase of phospholipid membranes remains poorly understood in spite of a large number of theoretical studies, with many experimentally established structural features of this phase unaccounted for. In this article we present a phenomenological theory of phase transitions in single- and two-component achiral lipid membranes in terms of two coupled order parameters -- a scalar order parameter describing {\it lipid chain melting}, and a vector order parameter describing the {\it tilt of the hydrocarbon chains} below the chain-melting transition. This model reproduces all the salient structural features of the ripple phase, providing a unified description of the phase diagram and microstructure. In addition, it predicts a variant of this phase which does not seem to have been experimentally observed. Using this model we have calculated generic phase diagrams of two-component membranes. We have also determined the phase diagram of a two-component lipid membrane from x-ray diffraction studies on aligned multilayers. This phase diagram is found to be in good agreement with that calculated from the model.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figure