Parametric Four-Photon Generation of Picosecond Light at High ConversionEfficiency

Parametric four-photon interaction in isotropic media was studied in the saturation range. Up to 10% of input laser energy could be converted into a broad frequency spectrum ranging from the ultraviolet to the infrared. Parameters which influence the conversion efficiency are discussed

Costs of Producing Biogas at Dairy Farms in The Netherlands

By 2020, Dutch dairy chains envisage to be self‐sufficient with regard to energy used by dairy farms and dairy processors. This would require dairy farms to produce 25 PJ per year, possibly by a combination of wind, solar and biogas. This paper focuses on biogas. To evaluate the project’s viability we estimated the expected technical and financial performance of 4 types of business models, i.e. “CHP‐farm”, “CHP‐large”, “green gas” and “central upgrading of green gas”. Data stem from among others 23 biogas plants in the Netherlands. Anticipating that CHPmodels and green gas models occur with a likelihood of 40% and 60% respectively, the total number of biogas plants would amount to 232 (1% of dairy farms), including a total of 5 million tons of manure per year (14% of all cattle manure in the Netherlands) and annual government subsidies of Euro 295 million. Aggregated annual profits are expected to be positive, but over the project’s total life time there is an expected deficit of Euro 262. For this to change costs of feedstocks or digestate disposal costs would for instance have to go down. Also fully switching to green gas models dampens the deficit. Results are used in current stakeholders debates on the organization of an “energy neutral dairy chain” in the Netherlands. Further analyses incorporating uncertainty around key technical and economic parameters including financial impacts of CO2‐reductions are underway.green electricity, green gas, empirical data, technical performance, financial performance, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

THE ECONOMICS OF CONTROLLING INFECTIOUS DISEASES ON DAIRY FARMS

Cost effective disease control on the dairy farm can enhance productivity and subsequently profitability. Previous economic studies on animal disease have focused on production losses and evaluation of disease eradication programs and provided little guidance as to the optimal prevention action. This paper presents a theoretical model on the economics of livestock disease and develops an empirical model to determine the optimal set of control strategies for four production limiting cattle diseases: bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), Johne's Disease (JD) and neosporosis. Control functions indicating the prevalence of infection with each of the four diseases for each of the ten strategies are estimated. The optimal strategies that minimize total disease cost (direct production losses and control expenditures) are provided for each disease on the basis of farm survey results from the Maritime provinces. The results emphasize the importance of introduction checks before new animals enter the herd and adequate vaccination protection as cost-effective control strategies.Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries,

Reduplication System of Hatam: Form and Function

Hatam is one of the vernaculars spoken in Papua which is categorized into West Papuan phylum and Eastern bird Head sub phylum of Papuan islands. This article aims to discuss the reduplication system of Hatam in relation to how the reduplicated words are formed, and also to describe Hatam reduplication types, function and the meaning of reduplicated words denote in Hatam. Descriptive qualitative method was employed to analyze the collected data. The research finding shows that the reduplication systems of Hatam are formed through free morphemes. There are two types of Hatam reduplication:Full and Partial reduplications. Morphologically, Hatam full reduplication derives concrete nouns from nouns and partial reduplication functions to derive nouns from adjectives and nouns from verbs. Syntantically, the Hatam reduplication system appears as Subject, Verb, Object, Adjective/Complement and Adverb. Semantically, the Hatam reduplication reveals plural form, intensification, collectiveness, no action and resemblance

Hubungan Karakteristik Petani dan Tingkat Adopsi Teknologi pada USAhatani Bawang Merah di Desa Tonsewer, Kecamatan Tompaso

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of farmers with the level of adoption and application of technological innovation in onion farming in Tonsewer Village, Tompaso Subdistrict, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. This research was conducted from February to March 2017. This research used primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected by interviewing onion farmers using questionnaires. Sampling of 48 people. Analysis method using Descriptive Analysis. The study found that the technological adoption rate in Tonsewer village is very high and has adopted the technology. Factors influencing the adoption rate are land area, farming, income, formal education, non-formal education, age, and cosmopolitan level. Spearman\u27s correlation value of land area, income, formal education, non-formal education and cosmopolitan level shows the direction of positive correlation, while age shows the direction of negative correlation to the adoption rate of onion technology

Adding Salt to an Aqueous Solution of t-Butanol: Is Hydrophobic Association Enhanced or Reduced?

Recent neutron scattering experiments on aqueous salt solutions of amphiphilic t-butanol by Bowron and Finney [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 89}, 215508 (2002); J. Chem. Phys. {\bf 118}, 8357 (2003)] suggest the formation of t-butanol pairs, bridged by a chloride ion via ${O}-{H}...{Cl}^-$ hydrogen-bonds, and leading to a reduced number of intermolecular hydrophobic butanol-butanol contacts. Here we present a joint experimental/theoretical study on the same system, using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and nuclear magnetic relaxation measurements. Both theory and experiment clearly support the more intuitive scenario of an enhanced number of hydrophobic contacts in the presence of the salt, as it would be expected for purely hydrophobic solutes [J. Phys. Chem. B {\bf 107}, 612 (2003)]. Although our conclusions arrive at a structurally completely distinct scenario, the molecular dynamics simulation results are within the experimental errorbars of the Bowron and Finney work.Comment: 15 pages twocolumn revtex, 11 figure

Perancangan Buku Fotografi Tentang Peninggalan Sejarah Benteng-benteng Di Ternate, Maluku Utara

Ternate adalah lambang kejayaan masa lalu bangsa Indonesia. Di sinilah pusat penghasil rempah-rempah terbesar di dunia pernah lahir. Banyak sekali kisah memilukan, perjuangan dan pertempuran demi mempertahankan kota tersebut. Benteng-benteng dan bangunan bersejarah di kota ini merupakan saksi bisu yang masih menyimpan kisah-kisah tersebut. Seiring dengan semakin berkembangnya jaman, membuat banyak aset-aset peninggalan sejarah yang sebenarnya sangat penting untuk dilestarikan menjadi terabaikan. Dalam buku ini, benteng-benteng di Ternate diabadikan melalui media buku fotografi. Sehingga diharapkan dari pendekatan ini, masyarakat bisa mengenal lebih jelas akan benteng-benteng di Ternate dan turut serta menjaga kelestarian benteng-benteng tersebut