Эскалация этнополитических конфликтов: рациональный расчет элит и эмоциональная реакция масс

The authors of the article have tasked themselves with demonstrating that ethnopolitical conflicts always have a significant emotional component, which lies in cultural stereotypes, unmet (imaginary and real) expectations, historical grievances, parties’ mythologized ideas about each other, etc. In turn, the rejection of any dissent by the conflict parties determines a dualistic view of the world, which demonstrates the division into absolute good and absolute evil, and leads to a tough confrontation between the carriers of the “highest truth” with those who prevent its implementation. The authors emphasize that it is due to this excessive emotional component actualized by the demands of ethnic identity that ethnopolitical conflicts are characterized by a high degree of irrationality, expressed in a huge potential for aggressiveness and hostility, far beyond the rational awareness of the interests of the conflict parties, and the choice of a strategy for interaction and search for a compromise. A particularly rapid escalation of conflict occurs when an ethnic group tends to perceive itself as a “victim” of value claims on the part of “alien” groups. However, the authors believe that it is impossible to reduce the ethnopolitical conflict solely to the affective behavior of its participants. Longterm use of violence is a social process; therefore, it cannot be based only on strong emotions, but, on the contrary, has to presuppose the development of certain norms, sanctions, roles, etc. That is, violence must be rationalized, explained and channeled. Therefore, the authors emphasize the crucial role of “ethnic entrepreneurs” in the escalation of ethnopolitical conflicts. Their activity can be viewed as a “production of ideological conflicts”, i.e., as a deliberate indoctrination of ordinary conflict participants in order to strengthen ethnic solidarity and/or armed struggle as a means of “national liberation” and achievement of other goals that are significant to ethnic entrepreneurs. Consequently, since emotions cannot be completely separated from rational thinking, the nature of most ethnopolitical conflicts depends both on subjective factors and on objective structural elements. Thus, all of them, combining rational and emotional activities, in one proportion or another, produce three types of conflicts: the struggle for resources, the clash of interests, the emotional upholding of ethnocultural identity

National Identity as a Historical Narrative

The author of the article notes that the political use of the past is important for the construction of all types of collective identity. However, the past and the historical memory have special significance for the “imagined nations”. In point of fact, the historical narratives of national unity fulfill an integrative function, that reduces the level of existing differences. Consequently, this function is allowed the members of the nation to comprehend themselves as belonging to the “collective identity”. Hereby, political elites play a special role in the process of the national identity formation, as they have access to the most influential forms of public discourse, such as mass media, politics, science, education and state bureaucracy. And this means that they have “access to the consciousness” of the masses

Energy spectrum of cascades generated by muons in Baksan underground scintillation telescope

Spectrum of cascades generated by cosmic ray muons underground is presented. The mean zenith angle of the muon arrival is theta=35 deg the depth approx. 1000 hg/sq cm. In cascades energy range 700 GeV the measured spectrum is in agreement with the sea-level integral muon spectrum index gamma=3.0. Some decrease of this exponent has been found in the range 4000 Gev

Evaluation of indicators of goniometry of the ankle joint in the complex rehabilitation of athletes with peroneal tendinopathy

The study reflects the results of comprehensive rehabilitation of professional athletes with fibular tendinopathy. The effectiveness was evaluated based on the indicators of goniometry of the ankle joint at different stages of the rehabilitation process.Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of the developed comprehensive program of physical rehabilitation with tendinopathy of the fibular tendons.Materials and methods. The study involved 60 professional male athletes with the diagnosis of “fibular tendinopathy” established by ultrasound examination. All patients were randomly divided into two equal groups of 30 people. Group I patients, in addition to the main ones, were assigned specially designed exercises for balance, balance and proprioceptive sensitivity on the Biodex Balance System (BBS) biofeedback system (Biodex Medical Systems, Inc. New York, USA), as well as balancing disksResults. The percentage of reduction in the total amplitude of movement in the ankle joint, that is, its deficiency, statistically significantly differed between the groups. Thus, at the time of examination before the start of treatment, the total amplitude deficit in group I patients was 13.2°, and in group II – 14.0°. At week 6 after the start of treatment, this indicator improved in group I patients and amounted to 3.8°, and in group II – 12.2°

Enchanced preoperative rehabilitation as part of the complex perioperative rehabilitation of patients with super-obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (clinical outlook)

Obesity is a global social and economic problem. The bariatric surgery is a most effective treatment for obesity. The presented clinical case demonstrates the usage of principles of enchanced perioperative rehabilitation for the preoperative preparation of a patient with super obesity and with severe obstructive sleep apnea and alveolar hypoventilation syndrome.A 54-year-old patient was hospitalized with complaints of obesity, impossibility of persistent weight loss conservatively, severe daytime sleepiness, frequent nocturnal awakenings (up to 8 times per night). The patient’s weight was 230 kg with a height of 157 cm (BMI 93.5 kg / m2). The examination revealed a syndrome of sleep apnea of mixed genesis of extremely severe degree, chronic night hypoxemia of an extremely severe degree. Preoperative preparation was performed in accordance with the program of enchanced perioperative rehabilitation. The duration of preoperative preparation was 19 days; weight loss — 40 kg (%WL -17,4), compensation of comorbidities was achieved as well. After that the patient underwent a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. There were no complications in the postoperative period. Length of postoperative hospital stay was 6 days. At follow-up examination one year after surgery, body weight dropped from 230 to 153 kg (% WL-33.5), a significant improvement of the quality of life was achieved.The enchanced perioperative rehabilitation program can be successfully used as an effective method for preoperartive preparation of the patients with morbid obesity in combination with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.and obesity hypoventilation. It can be a reasonable alternative to the standard program with preoperative intragastric balloon treatment. The use of this technique allows to increase the effectiveness of treatment of these high-risk patients, as well as to reduce the risk of perioperative complications

Methods of physical rehabilitation of elderly people for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia

The aim of the review is to analyze the prevalence of sarcopenia in the elderly age group, the causes of its occurrence, and to present modern methods of prevention and physical rehabilitation. The study focuses on the relationship between exercise, training effects and physiological mechanisms, as well as the safety of various types of strength, anaerobic and multimodal training, which have a positive impact during the prevention and rehabilitation treatment of sarcopenia. Literature reviews, meta-analyses, and original studies are included that focus on older people in all settings, using validated assessment tools and methods. A literature search was conducted in four electronic databases – PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Springer, for the period from 2012 to June 30, 2022. There were no restrictions on the language bias of the publication. Search strategy. The keywords used to define the terms of participation in the review are “older/advanced age”, “sarcopenia” and “sarcopenic obesity”. Articles were included if they met the following criteria – cohorts with mean or median age ≥ 60 years and any of the following definitions of sarcopenia: European Working Group on Sarcopenia in the Elderly (EWGSOP), Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS), International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS). To ensure comparability of interventions, the review included studies that were conducted for at least 8 weeks, and the distribution of patients by study design was randomized. Also, articles involving hospitalized patients are excluded