Management of Helicobacter pylori among medical doctors working in Khartoum, Sudan 2019: a cross-sectional study

Background: Various international guidelines have been developed regarding Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) management, as it is infecting more than half of the world's population. Sudan's health system lacks guidelines regarding H. pylori management, leading to a discrepancy in practice. Investigating the current approach could be a step forward in the formulation of a national consensus in the management of H. pylori. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical doctors currently working in Khartoum, Sudan. Participants were enrolled from platforms of medical associations through an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was scored out of 25 points, and scoring 13 or above considered a good approach. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: A total of 358 medical doctors participated in the study. The mean (±SD) score was 12.9(±4.5). Those who were using textbooks, campaigns, symposiums or general medical information to their primary Source of knowledge significantly scored higher. The most selected indication for both diagnosis (76.8%) and treatment (67.6%) was an active peptic ulcer. Stool antigen test (SAT) was the most preferred test (70.7%). The majority of respondents selected triple therapy (82.1%) as a first-line regimen. Only 37.7% confirmed the eradication after four weeks of stopping the treatment. They ensure eradication mainly through SAT (29%). Conclusion: A suboptimal approach was noted among medical doctors of Khartoum, Sudan, regarding H. pylori management. Efforts should be invested in forming national guidelines and the implementation of continuous medical education programs. Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, Medical doctor, Sudan

Succinic acid Production Strategy: Raw material, Organisms and Recent Applications in pharmaceutical and Food: Critical Review

Succinic acid is an essential base ingredient for manufacturing various industrial chemicals. Succinic acid has been acknowledged as one of the most significant bio based building block chemicals. Rapid demand for succinic acid has been noticed in the last 10 years. The production methods and mechanisms developed. Hence, these techniques and operations need to be revised. Recently, an omnibus rule for developing succinic acid is to find renewable carbohydrate Feedstocks. The sustainability of the resource is crucial to disintegrate the massive use of petroleum based-production. Accordingly, systematically reviewing the latest findings of bacterial production and related fermentation methods is critical. Therefore, this paper aims to study the latest research and assess the findings statistically comprehensively. The current review attempt is a step toward comprehending all the conditions surrounding succinic acid production from raw materials, microorganisms, and fermentation methods

Removal of Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic from Synthesized Aqueous Solution Using Three Different Metals Nanoparticles Synthesized Through the Green Method

This study investigates the possibility of removing ciprofloxacin (CIP) using three types of adsorbent based on green-prepared iron nanoparticles (Fe.NPs), copper nanoparticles (Cu. NPS), and silver nanoparticles (Ag. NPS) from synthesized aqueous solution. They were characterized using different analysis methods. According to the characterization findings, each prepared NPs has the shape of a sphere and with ranges in sizes from of 85, 47, and 32 nanometers and a surface area of 2.1913, 1.6562, and 1.2387 m2/g for Fe.NPs, Cu.NPs and Ag.NPs, respectively. The effects of various parameters such as pH, initial CIP concentration, temperature, NPs dosage, and time on CIP removal were investigated through batch experiments. The results showed that 10 mg/L CIP was removed by 100%, 92% and 79% within 180 min using Fe.NPs, Cu.NPs, and Ag.NPs respectively. In addition to this, kinetic models of the adsorption and mechanism of CIP removal were studied. The cinematic analysis demonstrated that adsorption is a physics adsorption mechanism with an energy of 0.846 kJ.mol-1, 1.720 kJ.mol-1, and 3.872 kJ.mol-1, while the low activation energies of 17.660 kJ.mol-1, 13.221 kJ.mol-1, and 14.060 kJ.mol-1 for Fe.NPs, Cu.NPs, and Ag.NPs respectively. The kinetic removal process follows a pseudo-first-order model following a physical diffusion-controlled reaction. The data on adsorption was analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin models, as well as thermodynamic factors, indicating that the process is appropriate and endothermic sorption. The most practical adsorbent was Fe.NPs    

Comparative study of natural chemical for enhanced oil recovery: Focus on extraction and adsorption at quartz sand surface

In chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR), it is very important to utilize the excessive usage of chemicals. A great opportunity lies in adopting natural surfactants, since it is cheaper, ecosystem friendly, and less toxic than their counterpart synthetic surfactants. Despite the availability of natural surfactant sources, it is yet very early to decide on their applicability. Therefore, this research focuses on natural-saponin extracted from different raw materials available in the Middle East and their interaction with quartz-sand. A special focus was given to the adsorption isotherm models to describe the interaction with the reservoir rocks.Three raw materials were investigated are fenugreek, sugar beet leaves and chickpeas. The main extraction method employed was the chemical extraction using the soxhelet. The study used Uv–vis spectrometer to investigate the micellization behaviour and the consequent adsorption on quartz-sand. The presence of triterpenoid saponin is found dominant in all the sample, the intensity and purity differed according to the raw material source. Tthe critical micelle concentration (CMC) was at a close range of 4–5.5 wt% in all the samples. The highest adsorption was obtained by sugar beet leaves which is 192 g/kg. It is 25% and 37% higher than the Fenugreek and chickpeas, respectively. Increasing the salinity resulted in adsorption reduction between 2% and 56%. For the adsorption isotherms, it showed good agreement with the Langmuir model fitting. The remarkable finding is that the sugar beet leaves heterogeneous model seems to be valid by Frendluich and Halsey isotherms

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NATURAL CHEMICAL FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY: FOCUS ON EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION AT QUARTZ SAND SURFACE

In chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR), it is very important to utilize the excessive usage of chemicals. A great opportunity lies in adopting natural surfactants, since it is cheaper, ecosystem friendly, and less toxic than their counterpart synthetic surfactants. Despite the availability of natural surfactant sources, it is yet very early to decide on their applicability. Therefore, this research focuses on natural-saponin extracted from different raw materials available in the Middle East and their interaction with quartz-sand. A special focus was given to the adsorption isotherm models to describe the interaction with the reservoir rocks

A Comprehensive Review on Utilizing Nanomaterials in Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications

Chemicals are a pivotal part of many operations for the oil and gas industry. The purpose of chemical application in the subsurface reservoir is to decrease the mobility ratio between the displaced fluid and the displacing one or to increase the capillary number. These have been the favorable mechanisms for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Recently, it became a mainstay with EOR researchers looking for effective and efficient materials that can be economically feasible and environmentally friendly. Therefore, when the development of chemicals reached a peak point by introducing nanosized materials, it was of wondrous interest in EOR. Unlike other sizes, nanoparticles display distinct physical and chemical properties that can be utilized for multiple applications. Therefore, vast amounts of nanoparticles were examined in terms of formulation, size effect, reservoir condition, viscosity, IFT, and wettability alteration. When a holistic understanding of nanoparticles is aimed, it is necessary to review the recent studies comprehensively. This paper reviews the most recently published papers for nanoparticles in oil in general, emphasizing EOR, where most of these publications are between the years 2018 and 2022. It covers a thorough comparison of using nanoparticles in different EOR techniques and the expected range of oil recovery improvements. Moreover, this paper highlights the gaps existing in the field-scale implementation of NPs in EOR and opens space for research and development. The findings of this review paper suggest that the selection of the best NPs type for an EOR application is critical to the reservoir rock properties and conditions, reservoir fluids type, EOR mechanism, chemicals type (surfactant/polymer/alkaline), chemicals concentration used in the flooding process, and NPs properties and concentration

EVALUATION OF OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS) MACROMOLECULAR SOLUTION FOR ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY IN KAZAKHSTAN CARBONATE RESERVOIR

Natural polymers have been investigated as part of the endeavors of green chemistry practice in the oil field. However, natural polymer studies are still preliminary. The current study examines okra’s (natural polymer) efficiency for polymer flooding, particularly in Kazakhstan. The evaluation targets the heavy oil trapped in carbonate reservoirs. SEM and FTIR were used to characterize morphology and chemical composition. A rheology study was conducted under different shear rates for three plausible concentrations: 1 wt.%, 2 wt.% and 5 wt.%. The core flooding was challenged by the low porosity and permeability of the core. The results showed that okra’s size is between 150–900 m. The morphology can be described by rod-like structures with pores and staking as sheet structures. The FTIR confirmed that the solution contains a substantial amount of polysaccharides. During the rheology test, okra showed a proportional relationship between the concentration and viscosity increase, and an inversely proportional relationship with the shear rate. At reservoir temperature, the viscosity reduction was insignificant, which indicated good polymer stability. Okra showed shear-thinning behavior. It was fitted to the Ostwald–de Waele power-law model by a (90–99)% regression coefficient. The findings confirm okra’s pseudo-plasticity, and that it is proportional to the solution concentration. The incremental oil recovery was 7%. The flow was found to be restricted due to the mechanical entrapment resulting from the large molecule size and the low porosity–permeability of the system. This study proves that the dominating feature of natural polysaccharide derivatives is their applicability to moderate reservoir conditions. The current study is a positive attempt at natural polymer application in Kazakhstan and similar field conditions

Design and synthesis of some new benzoylthioureido phenyl derivatives targeting carbonic anhydrase enzymes

The present study aimed to develop potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs). The design of the target compounds was based on modifying the structure of the ureido-based carbonic anhydrase inhibitor SLC-0111. Six series of a substituted benzoylthioureido core were prepared featuring different zinc-binding groups; the conventional sulphamoyl group 4a–d and 12a–c, its bioisosteric carboxylic acid group 5a–d and 13a–c or the ethyl carboxylate group 6a–d and 14a–c as potential prodrugs. All compounds were assessed for their carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitory activity against a panel of four physiologically relevant human CA isoforms hCA I and hCA II, and hCA IX, and hCA XII. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 5d, 12a, and 12c revealed significant inhibitory activity against hCA I that would highlight these compounds as promising drug candidates for the treatment of glaucoma.</p

Towards a promising systematic approach to the synthesis of CZTS solar cells

Abstract This study aims to enhance the CZTS device's overall efficiency, the key research area has been identified in this study is to explore the effects of a novel, low-cost, and simplified, deposition method to improve the optoelectronic properties of the buffer layer in the fabrication of CZTS thin film solar cells. Herein, an effective way of addressing this challenge is through adjusting the absorbers' structure by the concept of doping, sensitized CdS thin film by the bi-functional linker, and an environmentally friendly catalytic green agent. The Linker Assisted and Chemical Bath Deposition (LA-CBD) method was introduced as an innovative and effective hybrid sensitization approach. In the one-step synthesis process, Salvia dye, Ag, and 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were used. Generally, the results for all samples displayed varying bandgap as achieved between (2.21–2.46) eV, hexagonal structure with considerably decreased strain level, broader grain size, and dramatically enhanced crystalline property. Hence, the rudimentary CdS/CZTS solar cell devices were fabricated for the application of these novel CdS films. Preliminary CZTS thin film solar cell fabrication results in the highest conversion efficiency of 0.266% obtained CdS + Salvia dye, indicating the potential use of the CdS films as a buffer layer for CZTS photovoltaic devices