Национализация (экспроприация) собственности иностранных инвесторов: актуальные проблемы

The subject. Foreign investments in the economy of states play an important role. As a consequence, priority should be given to the protection of foreign investments and the creation of favorable and stable conditions for the investors activities. This is especially important in cases of an unfavorable political environment, various internal and external conflicts. Crossborder investment activity is risky, and one of the possible risks is the nationalization (expropriation) of the property of foreign investors by the state-recipient of investments. This method of seizing private property is regulated by the state both at the international legal level and at the national level. The institution of (nationalization) expropriation of the property of foreign investors has its own specifics in Russian legislation in terms of terminological features and legal regulation with certain problematic aspects inherent in it.The purpose of the article is to determine the content and correlation of the concepts of "nationalization" and "expropriation" in Russian law; to describe the main international approaches to regulation of these issues as well as Russian model. The authors try to describe the existing problems inherent in this institution in private international law in general and in Russian legislation in particular and suggest possible ways to solve them.The methodology. The research was carried out using formal-logical, systemic, comparative, formal-legal methods, analysis and synthesis.The main results, scope of application. The content and correlation of the concepts "nationalization" and "expropriation" in Russian law is determined, it is proposed to consider them synonymous. International approaches to regulating the nationalization (expropriation) of the property of foreign investor are examined. The regulation of this institution in Russia is considered; certain problems inherent in nationalization (expropriation) are investigated, possible ways to solve them are suggested.Conclusions. It is now necessary not only to create conditions for attracting foreign investments, but also to ensure their safety in view of the development of cross-border investment activities. In particular, this can be achieved by establishing a detailed regulated procedure for the nationalization (expropriation) of the property of foreign investors, providing guarantees of compensation and legality in such seizure of their property. The institution of nationalization (expropriation) of property in private international law should be considered as one of the possible risks in the implementation of investment activities, which means that states should take measures to minimize risks in order to increase investment attractiveness. It can be achieved through detailed legislative regulation at the national level and a conclusion of international treaties (the “force of law” should be upheld, not the “law of force”).Определено содержание и соотношение понятий «национализация» и «экспроприация» в российском праве, предложено считать их синонимичными; изучены международные подходы к регулированию национализации (экспроприации) собственности иностранных инвесторов; рассмотрено регулирование этого института в России; исследованы отдельные проблемы, присущие национализации (экспроприации), предложены возможные способы их решения. Сделан вывод о том, что институт национализации (экспроприации) собственности в международном частном праве следует рассматривать как один из возможных рисков при осуществлении инвестиционной деятельности, а значит, государствам в целях повышения инвестиционной привлекательности следует предпринимать меры по его минимизации, в том числе посредством подробного законодательного регулирования на национальном уровне и заключения договоров на международном (отстаиваться должна «сила права», а не «право силы»)

Идея социального государства в аспекте государственно-правового монизма и плюрализма

The problem of implementing the idea of a social state is considered from the point of view of state-legal monism and pluralism at the level of humanity, that is the possibility of the emergence of a universally recognized model of such a state or the inevitability of the coexistence of various such models due to national, economic, cultural factors operating in specific countries.Attention is drawn to the fact that such a problem is also relevant in relation to the ideas of a democratic and rule-of-law state. In general, the coincidence of formal characteristics of states reflected in modern constitutions is accompanied by statements about the absence of unified concepts of democracy and human rights. To an even greater extent, this is characteristic of the search for a solution to the so-called social issue. The theses underlying the concept of the welfare state by L. von Stein are presented. In particular, it is indicated that, in his opinion, the simple development of the social security system of the poor class is not enough to solve the “social issue”. The further development of the idea of a social state is shown, discussions are touched upon regarding the understanding of its essence and the problems that were revealed during the social reforms carried out by socio-democratic and liberal forces in capitalist states at the end of the 19th and 20th century.The main approaches to the constitutionalization of the social state are revealed (the “simple” proclamation of “social” statehood in the constitution; the clear formation of the goals and objectives of such a state; the absence of an indication of the social nature of the state). The classifications of the welfare state carried out by G. Esping-Andersen, as well as modern researchers of Russia and neighboring countries are analyzed. It is established that the very existence of a “social issue” and the importance of one or another of its solutions are gradually becoming generally recognized. Despite this, the fixation of the social character of the state has not yet received the same universal distribution as, for example, theses about the democratic and legal nature of the state. Both the implementation of the idea of a welfare state where it is legally recognized, and its declared “projects” are very diverse, while the typology of the welfare state is subject to further study. The social model, the framework of which determines the position of the state in relation to society, is, on the one hand, the result of the evolution of a complex of factors specific to each country, and on the other, the result of a conscious choice. Different models of the welfare state are characterized by different degrees of realization of the interests of different social classes, a different relationship between the beginnings of society and the state. Accordingly, these models are “attractive” to representatives of the haves and have-nots to varying degrees, they compete with each other at the international level. It is concluded that the idea of a social state can be reduced to a certain unity, whereas the ways of its implementation are inevitably multiple.Рассматривается проблема воплощения в жизнь идеи социального государства с точки зрения государственно-правового монизма и плюрализма на уровне человечества, т. е. возможности возникновения общепризнанной модели такого государства или же неизбежности сосуществования различных таких моделей, обусловленных национальными, экономическими, культурными факторами, действующими в конкретных странах.Приведены тезисы, положенные в основу концепции социального государства Л. фон Штейном, показано дальнейшее ее развитие. Выявлены основные подходы к конституциализации и типологии социального государства. Сделан вывод, что идея социального государства может быть сведена к определенному единству, тогда как способы ее реализации неизбежно множественны

Пределы ограничения прав и свобод человека при обеспечении безопасности (постановка проблемы)

The subject. The world faced a coronavirus pandemic in 2020. Many states, including Russia, adopted harsh measures that were largely based on restricting human rights and freedoms in an effort to counter pandemic spread. Inter-State borders were closed, restrictions were imposed on the operation of public catering organizations and the holding of sports and entertainment events was suspended, some of the fundamental rights were heavily con-strained. This resulted in the growth of public disaffection, falling of incomes and a worsening of the overall economic environment. As a result, the problem of the permissibility of restrictions of human rights and freedoms for the sake of public security, as well as the requirements for such restrictions, had once again become relevant.The purpose of the article is, firstly, to learn what is the concept of “freedom” nowadays, to define the conditions and principles of application the permissible restrictions on human rights and freedoms, their aims and purpose. The authors dare to analyze the laws and regulations establishing the possibility of restricting human rights and freedoms and to give a description of the procedure for imposing restrictions in situations of greater danger.The methodology of research includes formal legal interpretation of legal acts, systemic approach to cognition of social relations, analysis and synthesis.The main results, scope of application. The definition and concept of freedom, its limited character, the regulation of the possibility of its restriction for the purpose of protecting society have been studied and defined. Russian and international legislation on the restriction of human rights and freedoms has been analyzed. The principles on the basis of which it is permissible to restrict human rights and freedoms have been identified. The principle of the inadmissibility of restrictions on all rights and freedoms; the adequacy of the imposed restrictive measures to the existing threat; the principle of economic efficiency; the principle of detailed regulation of the imposed restrictions are among them. It has been found out that there is a threat of establishing tyranny with arbitrary restrictions on human rights and freedoms.Conclusions. In today’s world, the restriction of human rights and freedoms should be considered as a necessary measure to ensure the security of the individuals and of society as a whole, especially in the situations of a great danger to public interests. At the same time, the imposing restrictions should be strictly regulated and, moreover, possible abuses should be avoided in order to minimize the negative consequences and avoid establishing totalitarian regime.Рассмотрено содержание понятия «свобода», определены условия, при которых ограничения прав и свобод человека можно считать допустимыми, их цели и задачи, принципы и пределы установления таких ограничений. Проведен анализ нормативных правовых актов, устанавливающих возможность ограничения прав и свобод человека, описан порядок введения ограничений в ситуациях повышенной опасности. Сделан вывод, что в современном мире ограничение прав и свобод человека допускается как необходимая мера, которая позволяет обеспечивать безопасность как отдельно взятого человека, так и общества в целом, что наглядно проявляется в критических ситуациях, при этом вводимые ограничения следует жестко регулировать и не допускать возможных злоупотреблений в этой сфере для минимизации негативных последствий и избежания угрозы установления тоталитаризма

Новые инструменты финансирования малого и среднего предпринимательства в России: краудинвестинг

Access to financing is a fundamental factor determining growth opportunities for small and medium enterprises. Along with the state forms of support for the subjects of this business segment, as well as traditional banking products, private investment mechanisms are being developed through the establishment and extension of crowdinvesting platforms. They imply involving funds of population as the most important market agent. The aim of the article is to reveal the key importance of the institutional development of the crowdfunding and crowdinvesting market as a modern tool for supporting small and medium enterprises, reproduction of people’s personal savings and incomes of professional investors. The following scientific methods and approaches were used in the study: observation, comparison, analogies, analysis, synthesis, method of expert assessments, system and structured approach. The authors’ definition of crowdinvesting is given. Three fundamental features of crowdinvesting are defined: collective microfinancing of a project from an alternative set of startups, an intermediate agent in the form of a remote platform, financial retribution. To prove the development of the world and domestic crowdinvesting market, its condition and the performance indicators of well-known crowdinvesting companies are characterized in dynamics. The authors revealed the key advantages of crowdinvesting, factors stimulating of its volume growth in Russia, as well as risks, mainly associated with insufficient regulation of the new and fast-growing institutional mechanism of crowdinvesting. The important perspective of crowdinvesting as an instrument of project financing in Russia is highlighted on the example of specific scopes for investment, multifunctional services of Russian platforms, expanding pool of investors, new financial and technological methods of exchange and support. The study allowed identifying a number of key areas for crowdinvesting development in Russia. The work mainstreams: building an effective regulation system for crowdinvesting platforms, including through developing self-regulation tools, a co-financing program for crowdinvesting projects from development institutions, the work of the regulatory sandbox, legislative consolidation and support for implementing new types of information and economic interaction on crowdinvesting platforms (not only B 2B, P2B, but also G2B, B 2G).Доступ к финансированию — фундаментальный фактор, определяющий возможности роста малого и среднего предпринимательства. Наряду с государственными формами поддержки субъектов данного сегмента бизнеса, а также традиционными банковскими продуктами развиваются механизмы частных инвестиций посредством становления и распространения платформ краудинвестинга. Они предполагают вовлечение средств населения как важнейшего рыночного агента. Цель работы — раскрыть ключевое значение институционального развития рынка краудфинансов и краудинвестинга как современного инструмента поддержки малого и среднего предпринимательства, воспроизводства сбережений населения и доходов профессиональных инвесторов. В исследовании использовались следующие научные методы и подходы: наблюдение, сравнение, аналогии, анализ, обобщение, метод экспертных оценок, системно-структурный подход. Дано авторское определение краудинвестинга. Определены три его основополагающие черты: коллективное микрофинансирование объекта из альтернативного набора стартапов, наличие промежуточного агента в виде удаленной платформы, финансовая возмездность. В доказательство становления мирового и отечественного рынка краудинвестинга охарактеризованы в динамике его состояние, показатели деятельности известных краудинвестинговых компаний. Выявлены ключевые преимущества краудинвестинга, факторы, стимулирующие рост его объемов в России, а также риски, главным образом связанные с недостаточным регулированием нового и быстроразвивающегося институционального механизма краудинвестинга. На примере конкретных сфер приложения капитала, мультифункциональности сервисов российских платформ, расширения круга инвесторов, вовлечения новых финансовых и технологических методов обмена и поддержки обозначена перспективная роль краудинвестинга как инструмента проектного финансирования в России. Предложенное исследование позволило обозначить ряд значимых направлений развития краудинвестинга в России. В работе актуализированы: выстраивание эффективной системы регулирования деятельности краудплатформ, в том числе через развитие инструментов саморегулирования, программы софинансирования краудпроектов со стороны институтов развития, работу регуляторной «песочницы», законодательное закрепление и поддержку реализации новых видов информационного и экономического взаимодействия на краудплатформах (не только в формате B 2B, P2B, но и G2B, B 2G)

A fatal damage of the water dissociation equilibrium on a photocatalyst surface in situ: A real or an imaginary danger?

The surfaces of photocatalytic materials are extremely hydrophilic and so always overcharged, in standard and near standard conditions, in adsorbed water. As shown in the present study, the water adsorbed on the surface of a photocatalyst in operation is deeply dissociated. Its released cationic part, namely the hydronium ions H+, stays not involved in the photocatalytic oxidation process. If no compensatory mechanism exists allowing efficient elimination of the H+ ions from the adsorbed water, a strongly concentrated acid solution may be formed (pHsurf → 0) during a few seconds after the photocatalytic process starts. The current study highlights a particular role of the adsorbed molecular oxygen (AMO) permanently occurring on the photocatalyst surface. Besides of its frequently referred free electron scavenging ability, the AMO ensures a continuous maintenance of the surface acid-base equilibrium at a near-neutral pH thus protecting a photocatalyst in operation against an inevitable and rapid acid destruction

New Instruments for Financing Small and Medium Enterprises in Russia: Crowdinvesting

Access to financing is a fundamental factor determining growth opportunities for small and medium enterprises. Along with the state forms of support for the subjects of this business segment, as well as traditional banking products, private investment mechanisms are being developed through the establishment and extension of crowdinvesting platforms. They imply involving funds of population as the most important market agent. The aim of the article is to reveal the key importance of the institutional development of the crowdfunding and crowdinvesting market as a modern tool for supporting small and medium enterprises, reproduction of people’s personal savings and incomes of professional investors. The following scientific methods and approaches were used in the study: observation, comparison, analogies, analysis, synthesis, method of expert assessments, system and structured approach. The authors’ definition of crowdinvesting is given. Three fundamental features of crowdinvesting are defined: collective microfinancing of a project from an alternative set of startups, an intermediate agent in the form of a remote platform, financial retribution. To prove the development of the world and domestic crowdinvesting market, its condition and the performance indicators of well-known crowdinvesting companies are characterized in dynamics. The authors revealed the key advantages of crowdinvesting, factors stimulating of its volume growth in Russia, as well as risks, mainly associated with insufficient regulation of the new and fast-growing institutional mechanism of crowdinvesting. The important perspective of crowdinvesting as an instrument of project financing in Russia is highlighted on the example of specific scopes for investment, multifunctional services of Russian platforms, expanding pool of investors, new financial and technological methods of exchange and support. The study allowed identifying a number of key areas for crowdinvesting development in Russia. The work mainstreams: building an effective regulation system for crowdinvesting platforms, including through developing self-regulation tools, a co-financing program for crowdinvesting projects from development institutions, the work of the regulatory sandbox, legislative consolidation and support for implementing new types of information and economic interaction on crowdinvesting platforms (not only B 2B, P2B, but also G2B, B 2G)

Recurrent deep vein thrombosis in children with malignant blood diseases: literature review

Venous thromboembolism is not a rare complication in children with cancer. Despite the advantages of the treatment of venous thromboembolism there is still a probability of venous thromboembolism recurrence. In adult patients with cancer venous thromboembolism recurrence an influence on the lower survival rate. In children with cancer venous thromboembolism recurrence is a rare complication, but it can significantly reduce the quality of life. Risk factors of venous thromboembolism recurrence in children with cancer are not properly investigated