Split median nerve. A report of two cases

Two variations of the median nerve described in the Lanz study as type 3 anomalies were found during dissection. In the first case the median nerve splits in the cubital fossa and descends through the carpal tunnel to the palm of the hand. In the second of the reported cases the median nerve splits 45 mm before entering the carpal tunnel and is accompanied by a persistent median artery. Surgeons should take such variations into consideration in order to plan surgical approaches judiciously

The course of the cystic artery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Proper recognition of the particular structures that form the triangle of Calot is essential for the proper and safe performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Proper recognition, ligation, and cut of the cystic duct and cystic artery with branches (dorsal and ventral) remain an integral condition for the removal of the gallbladder. Calot’s triangle, as an orientation structure, determines the most common location of the cystic artery. The triangle of Calot is one of the most variable regions of the abdomen in terms of anatomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate how important for surgery is the detailed anatomical recognition of the main branches of the cystic artery in Calot’s triangle during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Relations of the main branches of the cystic artery were evaluated in 88 patients that underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the Department of General Surgery of the District Specialistic Hospital of Lublin. The anatomical relations of cystic duct and artery were classified into typical and variant types. Significantly more frequently variants of cystic artery were observed in women. However, the time of the procedure was not significantly related with the type of cystic artery

Morphological studies in modern teratological investigations

Despite the variety of modern molecular techniques available, examination of foetal anatomy is still a fundamental part of teratological studies in evaluating the developmental toxicity of xenobiotics or other non-chemical factors. The article presents contemporary methods of embryotoxicity and foetotoxicity assessment. A single alizarin red S and double alcian blue followed by alizarin red S staining, as well as various methods of soft tissue examination are discussed

Analysis of improvement possibilities for the surface texture of the elements made with DMLS technology

Wstęp i cel: W artykule dokonano analizy struktury stereometrycznej powierzchni i opisano podjęte próby poprawy jej właściwości dla elementów wykonanych metodą wytwarzania przyrostowego. Materiał i metody: Przebadano strukturę stereometryczną powierzchni elementów wytworzonych poprzez selektywne spiekanie wiązką lasera sproszkowanej stali 316L. Podjęto również próbę poprawy parametrów powierzchni wytworzonych elementów poprzez obróbkę skrawaniem, szlifowanie, nagniatanie ślizgowe i toczne. Wyniki: W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań uzyskano znaczą poprawę parametrów względem powierzchni surowych, uzyskanych bezpośrednio w procesie wytwarzania przyrostowego. Jednocześnie parametry powierzchni uzyskanych konwencjonalnymi metodami nie różniły się w znaczący sposób. Wniosek: Warstwa wierzchnia elementów wykonanych metodą laserowego spiekania proszków metali cechuje się znaczną chropowatością. Dodatkowa obróbka tak wytworzonych detali poprzez zastosowanie konwencjonalnych metod takich jak skrawanie lub nagniatanie pozwala w istotny sposób zmniejszyć chropowatość.Introduction and aim: The article shows the analyze of the surface texture and describes attempts to improve surface parameters for the components made with the use of additive manufacturing technology. Material and methods: The surface texture of the elements made of powdered 316L stainless steel with the use of direct metal laser sintering technology were studied. Also an attempt was made to improve the parameters of the surface of those elements by machining or grinding and after that by roller or slide burnishing. Results: During the studies a significant improvement was achieved, relative to the surface parameters obtained directly in the DMLS process. Surface parameters obtained by conventional methods did not differ significantly. Conclusion: The outer layer of elements made out of metal powders with the laser sintering technology is characterized by a high roughness. Additional mechanical treatment of these parts with the use of conventional methods like turning or grinding and than roller or slide burnishing can significantly reduce the roughness

Spiegelian hernia — anatomy, diagnosing and imaging difficulties: a report of 2 cases

Spiegelian hernias account for less than 1% of all hernias diagnosed in the adult population. The most important factors in the proper diagnostic process are detailed physical examination combined with imaging procedures. Two cases of Spiegelian hernias are presented. The anatomical background of the pathology, as well as diagnostic procedures and surgical treatment, is discussed

Genetic components of root architecture and anatomy adjustments to water‐deficit stress in spring barley

Roots perform vital roles for adaptation and productivity under water‐deficit stress, even though their specific functions are poorly understood. In this study, the genetic control of the nodal‐root architectural and anatomical response to water deficit were investigated among diverse spring barley accessions. Water deficit induced substantial variations in the nodal root traits. The cortical, stele, and total root cross‐sectional areas of the main‐shoot nodal roots decreased under water deficit, but increased in the tiller nodal roots. Root xylem density and arrested nodal roots increased under water deficit, with the formation of root suberization/lignification and large cortical aerenchyma. Genome‐wide association study implicated 11 QTL intervals in the architectural and anatomical nodal root response to water deficit. Among them, three and four QTL intervals had strong effects across seasons and on both root architectural and anatomical traits, respectively. Genome‐wide epistasis analysis revealed 44 epistatically interacting SNP loci. Further analyses showed that these QTL intervals contain important candidate genes, including ZIFL2, MATE, and PPIB, whose functions are shown to be related to the root adaptive response to water deprivation in plants. These results give novel insight into the genetic architectures of barley nodal root response to soil water deficit stress in the fields, and thus offer useful resources for root‐targeted marker‐assisted selection