目標設定から見た，フィジカルのトレーニング効果の研究

research repor

Assessing the Impact of Ozone on Forest Trees in An Integrative Perspective: Are Foliar Visible Symptoms Suitable Predictors for Growth Reduction? A Critical Review

Plant growth reduction (GR) is the most widely accepted damage parameter to assess the sensitivity of trees to tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution since it integrates different physiological processes leading to loss of photosynthetic activity and distraction of metabolic resources from growth to defense, repair, and recovery pathways. Because of the intrinsic difficulty to assess the actual O3 risk assessment for forests in field conditions, foliar visible symptoms (FVS) induced by O3 have been proposed as a proxy to estimate possible GR in forest trees. The rationale for this assumption is that the onset of FVS implies a reduction of the photosynthetic capacity of plants. In this review, we show that GR and FVS can be the consequences of independent physiological pathways involving different response mechanisms that can cause both FVS without GR and GR without FVS. The onset of FVS may not lead necessarily to significant GR at plant level for several reasons, including the rise of compensatory photosynthesis, the time lag between growth processes and the accumulation of critical O3 dose, and the negligible effect of a modest amount of injured leaves. Plant GR, on the other hand, may be induced by different physiological mechanisms not necessarily related to FVS, such as stomatal closure (i.e., carbon starvation) to avoid or reduce O3 uptake, and the increase of respiratory processes for the production of metabolic defense compounds. Growth reduction and FVS can be interpreted as different strategies for the acclimation of plants to a stressful environment, and do not mean necessarily damage. Growth reduction (without FVS) seems to prevail in species adapted to limiting environmental conditions, that avoid loss and replacement of injured leaves because of the high metabolic cost of their production; conversely, FVS manifestation (without GR) and the replacement of injured leaves is more common in species adapted to environments with low-stress levels, since they can benefit from a rapid foliar turnover to compensate for the decreased rate of photosynthesis of the whole plant

Phylogeography of the Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel, Petaurista leucogenys, Based on Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Sequences

application/pdfTo investigate genetic diversity among populations of the Japanese giant flying squirrel Petaurista leucogenys, the mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (1,052–1,054 bases) were determined in 37 specimens from 17 localities on the Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu Islands of Japan. Of the 37 animals examined, 24 haplotypes were identified. All haplotypes from Kyushu consisted of 1,052 bases, whereas those from Honshu and Shikoku consisted of 1,054 bases including two insertions, except for three haplotypes (which had 1,052 or 1,053 bases). Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed using neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods indicated that P. leucogenys is essentially separated into three major lineages: Group A consisting of a single haplotype from Kyushu, Group B consisting of some haplotypes from Kyushu and one haplotype from Honshu, and Group C consisting mostly of haplotypes from Honshu and Shikoku. Animals with the Kyushu haplotypes were split into two lineages (Groups A and B), suggesting that Group A diverged at an earlier point from the other groups. Genetic distances in Group C were not related to geographic distances between sampling localities, indicating that ancestral populations of this group recently expanded their distribution in a short time, possibly after the last glacial stage.journal articl

Interannual variability of ozone fluxes in a broadleaf deciduous forest in Italy

Multiannual measurements of ozone (O3) fluxes were performed from 2012 to 2020 in a broadleaf deciduous forest of the Po Valley, Italy. Fluxes were measured with the eddy covariance technique on a 41-m high tower, 15 m above the forest canopy. Different partition methodologies, based on concomitant water and carbon dioxide measurements, were compared for the calculation of the stomatal and non-stomatal components of the O3 fluxes. Total O3 fluxes revealed a marked interannual variability that was mainly driven by the stomatal activity in summer. Therefore, those factors that influence stomatal conductance were responsible for the flux variability, with soil water content being the main physiological driver. Despite the variability of the total O3 fluxes, the annual mean of the stomatal fraction was similar in the different years, around 42% on a 24-h basis, with an average summer value of 52% and a maximum around 60% during the summer daylight hours. The non-stomatal deposition was mainly driven by air humidity, surface wetness, and chemical sinks such as reaction of O3 with nitric oxide. Wind speed, turbulence intensity, and surface temperature showed a negative relationship with the non-stomatal fraction, but this was probably the result of a temporal misalignment between the daily cycles of non-stomatal conductance and those of temperature, turbulence, and wind speed. During the 7 years of measurements, the forest experienced a phytotoxic O3 dose of 10.55 mmolO3 m−2, as annual average, with an estimated reduction of the forest growth rate around 3% yr−1 according to the dose–effect relationships of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe for broadleaf deciduous forests. Besides their implication for the O3 risk assessment for vegetation, these long-term measurements could be useful to test the deposition models used to correctly assess the O3 budget in troposphere on a multiannual time span

発達障害のある子どもを育てる母親の経験における成長感とその関連要因─PTG（Posttraumatic Growth）の観点から─

departmental bulletin pape

(Evapo)transpiration measurements over vegetated surfaces as a key tool to assess the potential damages of air gaseous pollutants for plants

Biological damages of a variety of plant organisms are evaluated according their evapotranspiration capacit

Measurements of Soil Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Two Maize Agroecosystems at Harvest under Different Tillage Conditions

In this study a comparison of the soil CO2 fluxes emitted from two maize (Zea mays L.) fields with the same soil type was performed. Each field was treated with a different tillage technique: conventional tillage (30\u2009cm depth ploughing) and no-tillage. Measurements were performed in the Po Valley (Italy) from September to October 2012, covering both pre- and postharvesting conditions, by means of two identical systems based on automatic static soil chambers. Main results show that no-tillage technique caused higher CO2 emissions than conventional tillage (on average 2.78 and 0.79\u2009\u3bcmol CO2\u2009m 122\u2009s 121, resp.). This result is likely due to decomposition of the organic litter left on the ground of the no-tillage site and thus to an increased microbial and invertebrate respiration. On the other hand, fuel consumption of conventional tillage technique is greater than no-tillage consumptions. For these reasons this result cannot be taken as general. More investigations are needed to take into account all the emissions related to the field management cycle

The Combined Impact of Canopy Stability and Soil NOx Exchange on Ozone Removal in a Temperate Deciduous Forest

Ingles

Interactions among vegetation and ozone, water and nitrogen fluxes in a coastal Mediterranean maquis ecosystem

Ozone, water and energy fluxes were measured over a Mediterranean maquis ecosystem from 5 May until 31 July 2007 by means of the eddy covariance technique. Additional measurements of NOx fluxes were performed by the aerodynamic gradient technique. Stomatal ozone fluxes were obtained from water fluxes by a Dry Deposition Inferential Method based on a big leaf concept. The maquis ecosystem acted as a net sink for ozone. The different water availability between late spring and summer was the major cause of the changes observed in stomatal fluxes, which decreased, together with evapotranspiration, when the season became drier. NOx concentrations were significantly dependent on the local meteorology. NOx fluxes resulted less intense than the ozone fluxes. However an average upward flux of both NO and NO2 was measured. The non-stomatal pathways of ozone deposition were investigated. A correlation of non-stomatal deposition with air humidity and, in a minor way, with NO2 fluxes was found. Ozone risk assessment was performed by comparing the exposure and the dose metrics: AOT40 (Accumulated dose over a threshold of 40 ppb) and AFst 1.6 (Accumulated stomatal flux of ozone over a threshold of 1.6 nmolm 122 s 121). AOT40, both at the measurement height and at canopy height was greater than the Critical Level for the protection of forests and semi-natural vegetation (5000 ppb h) adopted by UN-ECE. Also the AFst 1.6 value (12.6 mmolm 122 PLA, Projected Leaf Area) was higher than the provisional critical dose of 4 mmolm 122 PLA for forests. The cumulated dose showed two different growth rates in the spring and in the summer periods, while the exposure showed a more irregular behavior in both periods

Photometric Observation of Short-Period Eclipsing Binary Star

publisherThe apparent luminosity of the eclipsing binary star changes periodically, which consists of two stars hidden by each other. We took a series of pictures of the short-period V1191 Cyg using the 50cm-diameter telescope of Bisei Spaceguard Center on August 6th, 2013, and also took a series of pictures of the short-period V0523 Cas using the 101cm-diameter telescope of Bisei Astronomical Observatory on October 12th, 2013. We then reduced the data and performed a photometric analysis using image reduction and analysis facility (IRAF) software. We estimated the periods of luminosity variation by drawing the light curves. We also summarized the procedure of the image reduction and the photometric analysis using IRAF.departmental bulletin pape