Development of UV spectrophotometric methods and validation for estimation of furosemide in bulk and tablet dosage form by absorbance maxima and Area Under the Curve method

The present work was to develop two simple UV spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of furosemide (FUR) in bulk and tablet dosage form and validate as per ICH guidelines. Method A is absorption maxima method in which ?max was found to be 277 nm. Method B is area under the curve (AUC) in which area in the wavelength range of 258.40 nm 293.80 nm was selected for analysis of furosemide .Linearity was observed in the concentration range 5-25?g/ml (r2 =0.999) for both the methods. The % assay for the marketed formulation for absorption maxima and area under the curve method was found to be 99.16%, and 99.20% respectively. The methods were validated with respect to linearity, precision and accuracy studies. Recovery studies for absorption maxima, and area under the curve was found to be 100.46%, and 100.86% respectively. The developed methods were validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD and LOQ as per ICH guidelines. Both the methods were found to be linear within the conc. Range of 5-25?g/ml for furosemide. The present methods were found to be simple, linear, precise, accurate and sensitive and can be used for routine quality control analysis for the estimation of furosemide in bulk and tablet dosage form

Plant Nanobionics and Its Applications for Developing Plants with Improved Photosynthetic Capacity

In the present scenario, the ever-growing human population, a decreasing availability of land resources and loss of agricultural productivity are the major global concerns, and these possess a challenge for scientific community. To feed the increasing world population, an increase in the crop productivity with available land resources is one of the essential needs. Crop productivity can be increased by engineering the crop plants for tolerance against various environmental stresses and improving the yield attributes, especially photosynthetic efficiency. Nanomaterials have been developed with new functional properties like improved solar energy harvest. With these nanomaterials, nanobionic plants were developed by the facilitated kinetic trapping of nanomaterials within photosynthetic organelle, that is, chloroplast. The trapping of nanomaterials/nanotubes improved chloroplast carbon capture, that is, photosynthesis by improving chloroplast solar energy harnessing and electron transport rate. Besides improving photosynthesis, nanotubes like poly(acrylic acid) nanoceria (PAA-NC) and single-walled nanotube-nanoceria (SWNT-NC) decrease the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside extracted chloroplast and influence the sensing process in plants, and these are beneficial for a number of physiological processes. The nanobionic approach to engineer plant functions would lead to an era of plant research at the interface of nanotechnology and plant biology. In this chapter, nanobionic approach, transfer of nanomaterial to plants and their offspring and its potential applications to improve photosynthesis will be discussed

U(IV) Complexes with 8-Hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxy-7-iodoquinoline-5-sulphonic Acid Quinaldinic Acid & Pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid

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Dispersionless motion in a driven periodic potential

Recently, dispersionless (coherent) motion of (noninteracting) massive Brownian particles, at intermediate time scales, was reported in a sinusoidal potential with a constant tilt. The coherent motion persists for a finite length of time before the motion becomes diffusive. We show that such coherent motion can be obtained repeatedly by applying an external zero-mean square-wave drive of appropriate period and amplitude, instead of a constant tilt. Thus, the cumulative duration of coherent motion of particles is prolonged. Moreover, by taking an appropriate combination of periods of the external field, one can postpone the beginning of the coherent motion and can even have coherent motion at a lower value of position dispersion than in the constant tilt case.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Effects of Snail Density on Growth, Reproduction and Survival of Biomphalaria alexandrina Exposed to Schistosoma mansoni

The effects of snail density on Biomphalaria alexandrina parasitized with Schistosoma mansoni were investigated. Laboratory experiments were used to quantify the impact of high density on snail growth, fecundity, and survival. Density-dependent birth rates of snails were determined to inform mathematical models, which, until now, have assumed a linear relationship between density and fecundity. The experiments show that the rate of egg-laying followed a negative exponential distribution with increasing density and this was significantly affected by exposure to parasitic infection. High density also affected the weight of snails and survival to a greater degree than exposure to parasitic infection. Although snail growth rates were initially constrained by high density, they retained the potential for growth suggesting a reversible density-dependent mechanism. These experimental data can be used to parameterise models and confirm that snail populations are regulated by nonlinear density-dependent mechanisms

Investigation of the Saturation of Elemental Concentration in the Depth Profile of Low Energy Silver Ion Implants in Silicon

For the efficient absorption of light in a broad wavelength band, Si photovoltaic devices require a high concentration of metal atoms at a shallow depth up to a few 10s of nm in the Si substrates. Low energy (< 50 keV) implantation of Ag ions in Si is one of the most suitable synthesis steps to facilitate the formation of these metal nanoclusters at the shallow depths in Si. However, during the low energy implantation of the heavy ions, one of the unintended consequences is the sputtering of target atoms particularly if the target is made of lower Z materials such as Si. In this study, we have investigated the re-distribution of atoms in the target layers due to the surface sputtering effects from 50 keV Ag ion implantation in Si substrates. Initially, the implant profile was estimated with the widely used static simulation code, theStopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM). However, it’s simulation routine lacks any consideration of the fluence dependent evolution of the target material. Therefore, we have explored the use of another ion-solid interaction code T-DYN, which considers the dynamic changes in the thickness and/or composition of the target material during the implantation process. For 50 keV Ag ion implantation in Si, the T-DYN simulation predicts the Ag ion depth profile reaches a maximum or saturation in the concentration at a critical ion fluence of ~7×1016 atoms/cm2, whereas for a more heavier element like Au, similar saturation in the concentration is predicted at a relatively lower fluence of ~4×1016 atoms/cm2. The depth profiles of the implanted Ag atoms extracted from experiments utilizing the Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy characterization techniques show asymmetric distributions with the position of peak concentration depth gradually moving towards the Si surface with increasing implant ion fluence. Once the implantation ion fluence reached a critical value, the peak value of the elemental concentration is seen saturated similar to the predictions from T-DYN simulations