Mobile Phone Dependency among High School Students in Rural Area, Central Java

BACKGROUND : Studies have shown that frequent use of mobile phone, either smartphone or non-smartphone, may cause at least 16 inadvertent health-related effects: serious addiction, painful withdrawal, back pro-blems, nerve damage, anxiety and depression, stress, weight problem and fitness level, disrupted sleep, source of bacteria, attention span, social effect, text claw, indirect injuries, eyesight, hearing, and radiation. This study aimed to compare level of dependency between use of smartphone and non-smartphone, as indicator by duration of use. SUBJECT AND METHODS: This was a cross sectional study conducted in Sukoharjo, Central Java. A sample of 219 high school students from a rural area, Sukoharjo, Central Java, was selected for this study. The dependent variable was duration use of smartphone or non-smartphone, as an indicator of dependency. The independent variable was type of mobile phone, i.e. smartphone or non-smartphone. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Mean duration use of smartphone (mean=5.50; SD=1.10) was longer than non-smartphone (mean=4.39; SD=0.90), and it was statistically significant (p=0.038). CONCLUSION: The dependency is stronger among the smartphone users than non-smartphone users among high school students, as it is indicated by the longer duration of use. Keywords: mobile phone, smartphone, side effect, dependency, rural, high school student

Comparison of Microscopic and PCR for Detection Giardia sp. in the Human Fecal Sample at Bedog Watershed, Sleman, DIY

Giardia sp. is a gastrointestinal protozoan that is common in mammals and causes giardiasis. Detection of parasitic infections in stool samples can use different methods such as identification of Giardia and trophozoite cysts using a light microscope (saline and iodine) and gene amplification gdh. The aim of this study was to compare the detection of direct microscopic Giardia and PCR in healthy people at risk for Giardiasisin the Bedog watershed, Sleman, DIY. The results of the examination using positive Giardia samples from microscopy were obtained at 4% (4/10). While the PCR results are 7% (7/100). The microscopic method and PCR did not have a significant difference in PCR so that certain microscopic conditions can still be recommended as a basic method in detecting Giardia cysts and trophozoites. The sensitivity and specificity of the direct microscope were 96.9%, and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of molecular analysis (PCR) were 97.14% and 100%, respectively. Although PCR detection is more specific than microscopic, in this case, the microscope method can still be used as an initial detection method. While the important advantages of PCR testing, its ability to directly distinguish between different Giardia genotypes, will help deal with cases of Giardiasis. The results of this study indicate that confirmation using the PCR technique can strengthen microscope detection

Effects of Enriched Environment (EE) on Depressive-Like Behavior and Hippocampal Structure in Rat Model of Chronic Stress

Chronic stress is associated with the development of depression. It can trigger structural and neurobehavioral changes in the brain and has been shown to induce depressivelike behavior in animals. An enriched environment can modulate the structure and function of the brain by altering the expression of various genes and proteins as well as affecting neurotransmitters’ activity. The hippocampus plays an important role incontrolling the networks for mood regulation and has been implicated in the course of depression. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an enriched environment on the depressive-like behavior and hippocampal structure in rats after unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) exposure. Male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) were divided into three groups, each consisting of 6 rats including the control, UCMS and UCMS+EEgroup. Unpredictable chronic mild stress and EE were given for 21 days. Body weight gain, depressive-like behavior, and hippocampal structure were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Depressive-like behavior was assessed with Forced Swim Test (FST) and Sucrose Preference Test (SPT). Thickness of the pyramidal layer of CA1 and CA3 area were measured with histologic examination to see changes in the hippocampalstructure. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis followed by multiple comparison post hoc test. The enriched environment could significantly maintain body weight gain (p = 0.036) and rat’s preference to sucrose solution (p =0.001) in a stressful condition. Enriched environment reduced immobility time in FST but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.177). There was a significant difference in the thickness of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal layer of the hippocampus among groups (p=0.015 and p=0.019 respectively). Stress markedly decreased the thickness of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal layer (p=0.014 and 0.011 respectively). The enriched environment can ameliorate stress-induced depressive-like behavior and alteration in hippocampalstructure in rats. Keywords: Environmental enrichment, depression, stress, hippocampu

Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and poses a considerable concern for public health. Although a variety of pharmacological treatments is available, response, doses and tolerability to drugs are highly variable and monotherapy often failed. A large interindividual variability in drug response has been noticed and contributing factors include age, sex, disease, drug and food interactions, comorbidity, as well as genetic factors. Poor therapeutic outcomes may be caused by variability of individual characteristics.Personalized medicine is an emerging concept for treating diseases, which involves determining specific information of a particular patient and then prescribing specific treatment. Pharmacogenetics holds the promise of bringing personalized medicine to drug dosing decisions, to reduce morbidity and mortality, and to improve life quality for T2DM patients.Diabetes Mellitus tipe 2 telah merupakan epidemi di seluruh dunia dan menjadi perhatian besar di bidang kesehatan. Meskipun berbagai terapi farmakologis telah tersedia, namun respon, dosis dan tolerabilitas penderita sangat bervariasi dan monoterapi sering gagal. Terdapat variabilitas besar terkait respon terapi diantara individu dan beberapa faktor yang berperandiantaranya usia, jenis kelamin, penyakit, interaksi obat dengan makanan, komorbiditas, serta faktor genetik. Variabilitas besar terkait respon terapi obat hipoglikemik sering dijumpai di klinik. Respon terapi tidak optimal mungkin karena pemilihan terapi tanpa memperhatikan karakteristik individual. Personalized medicine merupakan konsep terkini pemberian terapi. Pada konsep ini, pemilihan jenis terapi mempertimbangkan profil genetik maupun karakteristik individual. Farmakogenetik menjadi kunci mewujudkan personalized medicine sehingga diharapkan dapat mengurangi morbiditas dan mortalitas penyakit, serta meningkatkan kualitas hidup penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2

Application of Pharmacogenomics on Drug Discovery and Development

Individual variations in the response to drugs and drug toxicity occur commonly in the clinical setting and in drug development research protocols. Cumulative evidence strongly suggests that genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors and other drug targets are contributing to inter-individual differences in the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. Pharmacogenomics refers to the application of genome-wide approaches in order to understand genetic influence on drug response and to develop novel drugs. This application of pharmacogenomics has implications in predicting a patient's response to medications, reducing adverse events and improving rationality of drug development. Pharmacogenomics profoundly change the way clinical drug trials are conducted, as well as influencing drug development process. This review provides an overview of the pharmacogenomics application on drug discovery and development.Variasi respons individual dan toksisitas terhadap obat sering ditemui di klinik dan selama proses penelitian dan pengembangan obat baru. Beberapa bukti jelas mengindikasikan bahwa polimorfisme genetik pada gen-gen yang meregulasi ekspresi enzim yang terkait dengan metabolisme obat, transporter, reseptor dan target obat yang lain, berperan dalam menentukan perbedaan efikasi dan toksisitas suatu obat di antara individu. Farmakogenomik mengacu pada aplikasi genomik untuk memahami pengaruh genetik pada respons obat dan aplikasinya dalam proses penelitian dan pengembangan obat baru. Farmakogenomik dapat diaplikasikan untuk memprediksi respons individu terhadap pengobatan, mengurangi kejadian yang tidak diinginkan terkait dengan pemberian obat dan meningkatkan rasionalitas dalam proses pengembangan obat. Oleh karena itu, farmakogenomik menyebabkan pergeseran paradigma terkait penelitian dalam rangka penemuan obat baru di tahap preklinik dan bagaimana perancangan uji klinis obat. Tinjauan ini memberi gambaran aplikasi farmakogenomik pada proses penelitian dalam rangka penemuan dan pengembangan obat baru

Farmakogenomik dan Terapi Kanker

Variabilitas respons terapi dan indeks terapi obat antikanker (kemoterapi) yang sempit sering dijumpai dan masih menjadi tantangan bagi ahli onkologi. Farmakogenomik merupakan studi pewarisan genetik yang berpengaruh pada proses disposisi obat dan juga efeknya yang bertujuan mengoptimalkan pemilihan jenis obat dan penyesuaian dosis pada tiap pasien. Farmakogenomik penting diterapkan di bidang onkologi karena terapi kanker sering ditandai dengan toksisitas sistemik yang berat dan efikasi yang tidak terprediksi sebelumnya. Studi farmakogenomik bertujuan untuk memahami genetik yang mendasari perbedaan respons di antara individu dan memprediksi keamanan, toksisitas dan atau efikasi suatu pengobatan. Tinjauan ini mendiskusikan beberapa contoh penerapan farmakogenomik khususnya terkait polimorfisme genetik yang mempengaruhi hasil dari terapi kanker.The variability in treatment responses and narrow therapeutic index of anticancer drugs (chemotherapy) are consistently observed across patient populations and still pose challenges for oncologist. Pharmacogenomics is the study of inherited differences in interindividual drug disposition and effects, with the goal of selecting the optimal drug therapy and dosage for each patient. Pharmacogenomics is especially important for oncology as severe systemic toxicity and unpredictable efficacy are hallmarks of cancer therapies. Pharmacogenomics studies are aimed at elucidating the genetic basis of interindividual differences and using such genetic information to predict the safety, toxicity, and/or efficacy of the drugs. This review will discuss several clinical relevant examples of pharmacogenomics use, especially genetic polymorphism, to influence the clinical outcome of cancer therapy

Effects of Enriched Environment (EE) on Depressive-Like Behavior and Hippocampal Structure in Rat Model of Chronic Stress

Chronic stress is associated with the development of depression. It can trigger structural and neurobehavioral changes in the brain and has been shown to induce depressivelike behavior in animals. An enriched environment can modulate the structure and function of the brain by altering the expression of various genes and proteins as well as affecting neurotransmitters' activity. The hippocampus plays an important role incontrolling the networks for mood regulation and has been implicated in the course of depression. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an enriched environment on the depressive-like behavior and hippocampal structure in rats after unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) exposure. Male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) were divided into three groups, each consisting of 6 rats including the control, UCMS and UCMS+EEgroup. Unpredictable chronic mild stress and EE were given for 21 days. Body weight gain, depressive-like behavior, and hippocampal structure were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Depressive-like behavior was assessed with Forced Swim Test (FST) and Sucrose Preference Test (SPT). Thickness of the pyramidal layer of CA1 and CA3 area were measured with histologic examination to see changes in the hippocampalstructure. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis followed by multiple comparison post hoc test. The enriched environment could significantly maintain body weight gain (p = 0.036) and rat's preference to sucrose solution (p =0.001) in a stressful condition. Enriched environment reduced immobility time in FST but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.177). There was a significant difference in the thickness of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal layer of the hippocampus among groups (p=0.015 and p=0.019 respectively). Stress markedly decreased the thickness of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal layer (p=0.014 and 0.011 respectively). The enriched environment can ameliorate stress-induced depressive-like behavior and alteration in hippocampalstructure in rats. Keywords: Environmental enrichment, depression, stress, hippocampu

In Vitro Study of Eight Indonesian Natural Extracts as Antiviral Against Dengue Virus

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) caused by a dengue viruses is still a major problem in tropical countries, including Indonesia. World Health Organization data showed that over 40% of world population are at risk of DHF.1In 2014 there were 71.668 of DHF cases in 34 provinces with 641 death.2 In Central Java in 2013, the incidence rate and fatality rate of DHF was 45.52 in 100.000 populations and 1.21% respectively.3 Until nowadays, there is no vaccine or effective therapy is available as yet.4 Thus research on discovering specific antiviral against dengue is needed. Indonesia is rich in indigenous herbal plants, which may has potential antiviral activity, such as Psidium guajava (Jambu biji), Euphorbia hirta (Patikn kerbau), Piper bettle L (Sirih), Carica papaya (Pepaya), Curcuma longa L(Kunyit/turmeric), Phyllanthus niruri L (meniran), Andrographis paniculata (Sambiloto), Cymbopogon citrates (Serai). Previous studies show that these plants have antiviral and antibacterial properties.5However, there is only limited study of these plants against dengue virus . Objective: This study aimed to know whether these plants have potential activity against dengue virus in vitro. Method: Leave extracts of eight indigenous herbal plants as mention before were originated from Solo, Central Java, the crude extracts were tested in vitro against dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) strain NGC using Huh7it-1 cell line. Those crude extracts were screened for antiviral activity using doses of 20mg/ml. Candidates that showed inhibition activity were further tested in various doses to determine IC50 and CC50. Result: From eight leave extracts tested, one of them i.e Carica papaya (pepaya) inhibited virus replication up to 89,5%. Dose dependent assay with C.papaya resulted in IC50, CC50 and selectivity index 6,57 μg/mL, 244,76 μg/mL and 37, 25 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: C.papaya has potential antiviral activity against dengue virus in vitro. Further study is needed to confirm antiviral activity in vivo