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    Anglo-German Rivalry over Telecommunication Networks, 1858-1912

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ด๊ทผ.๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋งˆ๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์šฐ์—ด์€ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์ฒด์ œ ๋‚ด ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ(power)๊ณผ ์•ˆ๋ณด(security)์— ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์— ๊นŠ์ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋žต์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ด๋‹น๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด์™”๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฏธ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํŒจ๊ถŒ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ๊ฒฉํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜ํ•™์—์„œ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์™ธ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด ๋„๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์™ธ๊ต์ •์ฑ…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ณผ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  (ํ•ด์ €์ผ€์ด๋ธ”๊ณผ ๋ฌด์„ ์ „์‹ ) ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐ ๋…์ ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ตฌ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ตฌ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ์„ค๋ช…์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜ํ•™์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์ด๋ก ์ธ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๊ท ํ˜•์ด๋ก ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š” ์„ค๋ช…๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ œ์•ฝ๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.The development of technology has accompanied every crucial transformation of the international system as a decisive factor closely linked to the principle concepts of international relations such as power and security. Among different types of technologies, those that enhance connectivity among states are the ones with the strongest implications on international politics as they can reap disproportionate benefits for certain industries of certain countries, generating possibilities for violation of sovereignty that can evoke serious security concerns. In this regard, history has shown that telecommunication technologies, sitting at the core of enabling such connectivity, have often taken an important part in great power competition with their political history paralleling and amplifying trends in international relations. However, while the importance of such technologies has been recognized for their impact on the contours of world politics in existing studies, their conceptualization within the discipline has remained quite limited; they are mostly taken as an exogenous factorโ€”an environmental condition or set of instrumental possibilities, rather than something integral to how international politics are carried out. The lack of clear conceptual and analytical frameworks with which to investigate how technology is developed and implemented, why it is developed and implemented in certain ways, and how these processes impact the order of international politics, makes it difficult to incorporate technology as a core component of international relations discussions. Against this backdrop, this study takes a heuristic approach to show the link between network technology and the balancing strategies taken by great powers. In order to do so, it introduces a new analytical framework, the network balancing model, by incorporating the network effect, an intrinsic property of network technologies, as a key explanatory variable into the balance-of-power theory, in an attempt to show that, theoretically and empirically, the network effect influences balance-of-power politics in ways that have not been appreciated by extant literature in the field of international relations. The model is then applied to analyze the very first case of network effect taking place among the states connected within transnational telecommunication networks and the consequent great power rivalry over the dominance of those networksโ€”the Anglo-German rivalry in the first period of globalization.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1. A Historical Preview 4 2. Empirical Puzzle and Research Question 7 3. Summary of the Research 9 4. Significance of the Research 14 5. Overview of the Chapters 15 Chapter 2. Literature Review 18 1. Theories of Balance of Power 24 2. Technology in International Relations 39 3. Balance-of-Power and Telecommunication Networks 50 Chapter 3. Analytical Framework and Research Design 72 1. A New Analytical Framework: A Model of Network Balancing 72 2. Propositions 91 3. Research Design 95 Chapter 4. Anglo-German Rivalry over the Submarine Cable Network 103 1. The British Monopoly 104 2. Network Balancing by Germany 133 3. Findings and Analysis 146 Chapter 5. Anglo-German Rivalry over the Wireless Telegraph Network 155 1. Great Britains Embryonic Dominance 155 2. Network Balancing by Germany 165 3. Findings and Analysis 191 Chapter 6. Conclusion 197 1. Findings and Evaluation 198 2. Implications for International Relations Theory 208 3. Implications for the U.S.-China rivalry over ICT networks 210 4. Closing Thoughts 216 References 219 Abstract in Korean 257 Acknowledgments 259๋ฐ•
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