Changes in Antioxidant Activity and Permeability Associated with Ginger Drying, Grinding and Extraction Processes

In this study, characteristics of samples with different drying, grinding and extraction methods of ginger were compared. When the physicochemical properties were compared, the cryogenic ground maintained the chromaticity of the raw material and preserved minerals such as β-carotene, Ca, Fe, Na, Vitamin B2. The shape and size of the particles were measured in terms of particle characteristics. The shape of the particles of the cryogenic ground were uniform, while the ambient ground showed a rod-shaped nonuniform. The average particle size of the cryogenic ground was 31μm and the size of the ambient ground was 118 μm. The ginger extracts extracted from microwave at 90℃ for 10 minutes contained antioxidative activities of 2.15 times in total phenol content, 2.72 times in total flavonoid content when compared to hot water extraction at 60℃ for 30 minutes. Also, extract showed 3.61 times in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH∙) scavenging, 1.36 times in 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate) (ABTS+) radical scavenging activity when compared to hot water extraction at 60℃ for 30 minutes. The quantitative analysis of ambient extract at 90℃ for 10minutes showed that extract contained 67.6 of 6-gingerol and 10.2 of 6-shogaol. The cryogenic extract contained 92.4 of 6-gingerol and 10.9 of 6-shogaol. When the same concentration of extract was used, TEC extracted at 80℃ for 10minutes was the most permeated with 15.2 of 6-gingerol and 2.0 of 6-shogaol.;본 연구의 목적은 생강의 건조, 분쇄 및 추출 방법에 따른 항산화도와 투과도를 비교하는 것이다. Ginger (Zigiber officinale Rosc.)는 기능적 가치와 생리적 효과가 있는 향신료로 페놀화합물인 6-gingerol과 6-shogaol 성분을 비롯한 다양한 성분이 항산화 작용에 기여한다고 알려져 있다. 동결분쇄 기술은 현대의 향신료 산업에서 많이 이용되고 있는 기술이다. 액체 질소를 사용하여 낮은 온도에서 시료를 분쇄하여 향료의 색, 맛, 감각 특성에 최소한의 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 일반건조 공정을 거친 일반분쇄물과 동결건조 공정을 거친 동결분쇄물의 색도, 입형, 입도 등의 물리화학적 분석을 하였다. 동결분쇄한 시료는 비타민, 미네랄 성분과 색도를 유지하였다. 동결분쇄 시료의 입자 형태는 균일하고 작은 입자로 평균 입자 크기는 31μm였고 일반분쇄물의 크기는 118μm이었다. 생강의 항산화능을 높이기 위해 열수추출과 마이크로파 보조 추출법을 다양한 시간과 온도에서 추출하였다. 추출물의 항산화능은 총 페놀화합물, 총 플라보노이드, DPPH, ABTS 분석에 의해 측정되었다. 마이크로파 보조 추출법으로 90℃에서 10분간 추출한 생강 추출물은 60℃에서 30분간 추출한 열수추출물과 비교하여 총 페놀 함량이 2.15배, 총 플라보노이드 함량이 2.71배 함유하고 있었다. 또한, DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 3.61배, ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 1.36배이었다. 최적조건은 90℃, 10분이었고 총 페놀화합물, 총 플라보노이드, ABTS는 비례하였다. 마이크로파 보조 추출과정에서 80℃에서 90℃로 온도가 증가할 경우 항산화능이 급격하게 증가하였다. 변화가 일어난 원인을 분석하기 위해 추출물의 제타포텐셜, 동적광산란 측정한 결과, 입자가 구조적으로 파괴되면서 작은 입자들이 많이 생성되었고 입자의 표면적이 넓어지면서 항산화 성분이 많이 추출된 것으로 생각된다. 생강 추출물의 6-gingerol과 6-shogaol 성분을 정량화하기 위해 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피 (UPLC-MS)로 분석하였다. 80℃에서 90℃로 온도가 중가함에 따라 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol 성분이 증가하였고 이는 항산화능이 증가하는데 영향이 미쳤다고 추측된다. 체내에서 투과율을 분석하기 위해 같은 농도의 시료를 평행 인공막 투과(PAMPA)를 분석하였고 80℃, 10분 추출한 시료에서 6-gingerol은 15.2, 6-shogaol 성분은 2.0으로 가장 높게 투과되었다. 본 연구를 통해 생강에 적절한 가공을 가했을 때 항산화능과 투과율이 증진됨을 확인하였다. 추후 가공 과정에 따라 형성되는 화합물에 대한 규명과 체내에서의 활성에 대한 깊은 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.I. Introduction １ Ⅱ. Materials and Methods ６ A. Sample preparation ６ B. Drying process ６ C. Grinding process ７ D. Extraction ８ E. Physicochemical properties ９ F. Particle properties 10 G. Antioxidant ability assay 10 1. Total phenolic content 10 2. Total flavonoid content 11 3. DPPH radical-scavening activity 11 4. ABTS 12 H. Extraction properties 13 I. Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) 13 J. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS) 14 Ⅲ. Results and Discussions 15 A. Physicochemical properties of ginger powder 15 B. Particle properties of ginger 20 1. Shape of particles 20 2. Size of particles 23 C. Antioxidant ability assay 24 1. Total phenolic content 24 2. Total flavonoid content 29 3. DPPH radical-scavening activity 35 4. ABTS 40 D. Extraction properties 45 1. Screening extraction 45 2. Zeta potential of ginger extract 46 3. DLS of ginger extract 49 E. Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS) 55 F. Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) 57 Ⅳ. Conclusion 58 References 60 Abstract (in Korean) 6

Olfactory marker protein에 의한 췌장소도 알파세포에서 글루카곤의 분비 조절 기전

의과대학원Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. In type 2 diabetes, defective insulin release and insulin resistance is often accompanied by increased glucagon levels which aggravate hyperglycemia. Although defective glucagon secretory response causes various problems in diabetic patients, compared with β cell physiology, the mechanisms involved in pancreatic α cell physiology remain elusive. Olfactory marker protein (OMP) is a cytoplasmic protein expressed primarily in mature chemosensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium. Recently, OMP has been shown to be expressed in non-olfactory tissue including the endocrine system. As OMP plays a role in regulating the kinetics and termination of olfactory transduction, we hypothesized that OMP may have a similar function in modulating hormone secretion involving Ca2+ and 3’,5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. In this study, non-olfactory α cell-specific OMP expression in human and mouse pancreatic islets, as well as in mouse α cell line αTC1.9 was confirmed. To investigate the role of Omp in αTC1.9 cells, Omp was knocked down using siRNA. This resulted in elevated glucagon release and related signaling pathways, including increased phosphorylation of cAMP response elements binding protein (CREB) and prolonged cAMP responses. In Omp-/- mice, basal glucagon levels were higher compared to those in Omp+/+ wild-type mice but showed resistance against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycaemia. Furthermore, glucagon secretion from isolated mouse pancreatic islets was analyzed. The results correlated with our in vitro and in vivo experiments. Together, these results suggest that OMP contributes to regulating the kinetics of intracellular cAMP production in pancreatic α cells, which changes in the levels of secreted glucagon. Non-olfactory expression of OMP is an indicator of potential olfactory receptor (OR)-associated events in non-olfactory systems. Future studies that focus on regulating glucagon secretion by targeting ORs expressed on α cells using odorants are required for the development of novel treatments for diabetes.open박

망막 질환 모델에서의 맥락막 혈관변화 분석

Purpose: To analyze changes in the choroidal vasculature in mouse models of retinal diseases using Ultra- widefield indocyanine green angiography (UwF-ICGA). Methods: UwF-ICGA images were obtained from Streptozotocin-induced diabetic, oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (LiCNV), and Rose-bengal thrombotic retinal vascular occlusion (RVO) mouse models to compare their choroidal vasculature with that of normal mice. Additional histological examinations were performed to confirm the changes observed in UwF-ICGA and to identify any accompanying changes which could not be observed in UwF-ICGA. Results: The diabetic mouse models showed a significant increase in vascular density and tortuosity in overall choroidal vessels, including choriocapillaris along with an increase in vascular hyperpermeability. The OIR mice exhibited a significant hypoperfused area around the optic disc without choriocapillaris dropout, and when excluding the hypoperfused area, overall vascular density and hyperpermeability of the choroid were significantly increased. The LiCNV models exhibited intense hyperfluorescent CNV lesions surrounded by choriocapillaris loss, and when analyzed excluding the CNV area, vascular hyperpermeability significantly increased, while vascular density did not. The RVO models showed significantly increased overall hyperpermeability without changes of vascular density in both choroidal arteries and veins, while choriocapillaris density was reduced around the lasered area. Conclusions: UwF-ICGA provides real-time, in vivo imaging of choroidal vasculature in various retinal disease mouse models, enabling both qualitative and quantitative comparisons with control mice and human patients. We expect UwF-ICGA to be a valuable tool in animal research for understanding the interaction between retinal and choroidal vessels in retinal diseases.|목적: 초광범위 인도사이아닌그린혈관조영술을 이용해 망막 질환 유도 실험쥐에서 맥락막 혈관 구조의 변화를 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 당뇨병 실험쥐, 산소 유도 망막병증 실험쥐, 레이저 유도 맥락막 신생혈관 실험쥐, 그리고 망막정맥폐쇄 실험쥐와 정상 실험쥐의 맥락막 혈관을 초광범위 인도사이아닌그린혈관조영술로 촬영하고 비교분석 하였다. 조직학적 검사를 통해 초광범위 인도사이아닌그린혈관조영술에서 관찰되거나 관찰되지 않는 맥락막 변화들을 조직 수준에서 확인하였다. 결과: 당뇨병 실험쥐에서는 맥락막 모세혈관층을 포함한 전체 맥락막 혈관의 혈관 밀도와 굴곡도가 유의하게 증가하였으며, 혈관 투과성도 증가하였다. 산소 유도 망막병증 실험쥐에서는 시신경 주변의 저관류 영역이 유의하게 관찰되었으나 맥락막 모세혈관층의 소실은 없었으며, 저관류 영역을 제외하면 맥락막의 전체 혈관 밀도와 투과성이 유의하게 증가하였다. 레이저 유도 맥락막 신생혈관 실험쥐에서는 맥락막 모세혈관 소실을 동반한 강한 과형광 맥락막신생혈관 병변이 관찰되었으며, 맥락막신생혈관 영역을 제외하고 분석했을 때 혈관 밀도의 변화 없이 혈관 투과성이 유의하게 증가하였다. 망막정맥폐쇄 실험쥐에서는 맥락막 동맥과 정맥 모두에서 혈관 밀도의 변화 없이 전체적인 투과성이 유의하게 증가하였으며, 레이저 처리된 영역 주변의 맥락막 모세혈관 밀도가 감소하였다. 결론: 초광범위 인도사이아닌그린혈관조영술은 다양한 망막 질환 실험쥐에서 맥락막 혈관을 실시간으로 정성적 및 정량적으로 관찰하여, 정상 실험쥐 및 인간 환자와의 비교를 가능하게 한다. 초광범위 인도사이아닌그린혈관조영술은 망막 질환에서 망막 혈관과 맥락막 혈관 간의 상호작용을 이해하는 동물 연구에서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다.Docto

Changes in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 after intense pulsed light therapy combined with meibomian gland expression in moderate and severe meibomian gland dysfunction

Purpose: To evaluate the combined effect of intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy and meibomian gland expression on extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and clinical outcomes of moderate and severe meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) treatment. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 45 eyes of 23 patients with moderate and severe MGD. Each eye underwent three IPL sessions and meibomian gland expression at 2-week intervals. In this study the evaluated parameters included tear film break-up time (TBUT), corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining scores, biomicroscopic examination of lid margins and meibomian glands, ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire score, and extracellular MMP-9 levels using the immunoassay device before and two weeks after the last treatment session. Linear mixed model and generalized estimating equations model were used to evaluate possible differences. Results: There were significant improvements in TBUT (P < 0.001), SICCA ocular staining score (P = 0.008), Oxford staining score (P = 0.023), lid margin irregularity (P < 0.001 for upper and lower eyelids), lid thickness (P < 0.001 for upper and lower eyelids), meibomian gland plugging (P = 0.010 and P = 0.012 for upper and lower eyelids), meibum color (P = 0.044 and P < 0.001 for upper and lower eyelids), meibum consistency (P < 0.001 for upper and lower eyelids), MGD grade (P < 0.001), and OSDI questionnaire score (P < 0.001). Incidence of positive results for MMP-9 immunoassay significantly decreased from 84.0% to 56.0% (P = 0.031) after treatment. Conclusion: In patients with moderate to severe MGD, three sessions of IPL combined with meibomian gland expression improved objective findings, subjective symptoms, meibomian gland function, and MMP-9 immunoassay results. The results support the combination of IPL and meibomian gland expression for treating moderate to severe MGD

SpatIO: Spatial Physical Computing Toolkit Based on Extended Reality

Proper placement of sensors and actuators is one of the key factors when designing spatial and proxemic interactions. However, current physical computing tools do not effectively support placing components in three-dimensional space, often forcing designers to build and test prototypes without precise spatial configuration. To address this, we propose the concept of spatial physical computing and present SpatIO, an XR-based physical computing toolkit that supports a continuous end-to-end workflow. SpatIO consists of three interconnected subsystems: SpatIO Environment for composing and testing prototypes with virtual sensors and actuators, SpatIO Module for converting virtually placed components into physical ones, and SpatIO Code for authoring interactions with spatial visualization of data flow. Through a comparative user study with 20 designers, we found that SpatIO significantly altered workflow order, encouraged broader exploration of component placement, enhanced spatial correlation between code and components, and promoted in-situ bodily testing