8 research outputs found
Trade in the Ancient Southeastern Mediterranean Kingdoms: Syria, Jordan, and Egypt
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The main contents of this paper are as follows.
(1) The ancient land trade routes and major emporia were described and presented on the maps. As major emporia, in particular, Petra, Palmyra, Jerash, Bosra, Damascus, Dura Europos, Aleppo, and Cairo were described in the context of caravanserai, trade, and markets.
(2) The ancient sea trade routes and major ports of trade were described and presented on the maps. As major ports of trade, in particular, Alexandria, Clysma, Myos Hormos, Leukos Limen, and Berenice on the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts were described in the context of their peak trade activities.
(3) The main characteristics of trade in the ancient Southeastern Mediterranean kingdoms were interpreted in terms of trade personnel, import and export merchandises, trade routes and transportations, caravanserai and other necessary facilities, and tariff and trade activities.
(4) Finally, in conclusion, the identified and interpreted characteristics of trade were reinterpreted in terms of tamkarum and administered or treaty trade' conceptualized by Karl Polanyi in his book The Livelihood of Man